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Biology > 2.1.2abc Biological Molecules - water + principles of biomolecules > Flashcards

2.1.2abc Biological Molecules - water + principles of biomolecules Flashcards

water 2.1.2a

1
Q

Draw a water molecule, label the atoms and their charges
on flashcard

A

hydrogen - slightly +
water - slightly -

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2
Q

What is the structre of a water molecule

A

1 Oxygen atom covalently bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms
- non-linear shape

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3
Q

What is the bond linking 2 water molecules together?

A

Hydrogen bond

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4
Q

What is a hydrogen bond and which type of atoms does it join together?

A
  • A weak interaction that occurs whenever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen
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5
Q

Where else do hydrogen bonds occur in biology?

A

DNA
polysaccharides
proteins

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6
Q

Draw 2 water molecules and draw and label the bond that links them together
on flashcard

A

on flashcard

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7
Q

Define polar

A

the presence of unevenly distrubuted charge on 2 poles
one is slightly + and one is slightly -

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8
Q

Why is water a polar molcule?

A

the oxygen (-) atom is more attractive to electrons than hydrogen (+) so pulls the shared electrons towards it,
- causes O to be slightly - and Hs to be slightly positive

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9
Q

Define electronegativity

A

a measure of the tendancy of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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10
Q

Define dipole

A

a molecule in which a concentration of positive electric charge is seperated from a concentration of negative charge

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11
Q

What are the 5 roles water plays in life?

A
  • Solvent
  • Transport medium
  • Habitat
  • Reactant
  • Thermal stability
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12
Q

Why does the polar nature of water allow it to be used as a solvent?

A

as water is polar:
-water dissolves polar and charged molcules
- many solutes are polar: amino acids, proteins,nucleic acids
->water acts as medium for chemical
reactions

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12
Q

Why does the polar nature of water allow it to be used as a transport medium?

A

as water is polar:
- cohesion between water molecules= when water moves through body molecules stick together
-adhesion between water molecules and other polar molecules + surfaces
adhesion+cohesion = capillary action
- water moves up narrow tube via gravity

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13
Q

Why does the polar nature of water allow it to be used as a coolant?

A
  • high specific heat capacity as H bonds require lots of energy to break
  • maintains constant temperature
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14
Q

Why does the polar nature of water allow it to be used as a habitat?

A

-maintains constant temperature due to high energy required to break H bonds
-less dense when it freezes
=survival+reproduce

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15
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

a molecule attracted to water

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16
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

a molecule repelled by water

17
Q

Define cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to one another

18
Q

Define adhesion

A

water molecules attracted to other substances

19
Q

Summarise the 5 properties of water

A

*High specific heat capacity - hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb lots of energy - good habitat
*High latent heat of evaporation (liq->gas) - good coolant eg sweat evaporates+cools skin
*Very Cohesive (bc polar) - helps water to flow - good transport medium
e.g. water up stems in transpiration stream
*Lower density when solid - water molecules held further apart in ice than in liq water bc each water molecule forms 4 hydrogen bonds = lattice shape
ice less dense than water - insulating layer on top of water (water below doesnt freeze) - habitat
* Good solvent - bc water polar - slightly positive end of water molecule attracted to negative ion and slightly negative end of water molecule attracted to positive ion
= ion surrounded by water = dissolve

20
Q

What are other properties (not polar related) of water that make it useful for life?

A

transparent
- plants growing underwater can get light for photosynthesis
- aquatic animals can see underwater

21
Q

Give 10 examples of how water is used across the whole diversity of life (prokaryotes+eukaryotes; plants+animals+fungi ; unicellular and multicellular organisms)
S+C

A

Support - keep plant cells turgid, hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms
Lubrication - joints such as elbow synovial joints have sac of synovial fluid stopping bones rubbing against each other
Bouyancy - Whales couldn’t be so big etc.
Swimming - When something pushes against water there is an equal reactive force propelling forward
Reactions - Photosynthesis, hydrolysis
High surface tension allows organisms to suspend themselves at/on the surface e.g. pond skaters
Ice floats as less dense so insulates water underneath where organisms can survive
Regulating temperature and reaction conditions etc. - sweating as well as high heat capacity

22
Q

Using the “polar nature of water” explain how water can dome above the level of the glass container it is in, the shape of the meniscus in a glass measuring cylinder and capillary action in a narrow glass tube
S+C

A

Dome: Cohesion between water molecules causing surface tension due to hydrogen bonds

Meniscus: Adhesion to sides of container draws molecules up.

Capillarity: Cohesion between water molecules and adhesion to other molecules explains why water moves up narrow spaces. Important for water in xylem vessels.

23
Q

Define monomer

A

individual molecules that make up a polymer

24
Q

Define polymer

A

long chain molecules composed of linked (bonded) multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern

25
Q

Define Macromolecule

A

large complex molecules with large molecular masses

26
Q

Define Dimer

A

a molecule made up of 2 identical molecules linked together

27
Q

Define Oligomer

A

a polymer whose molecules consist of a few repeating units
oligo - ‘few’

28
Q

Define condensation reaction

A

reaction between smaller molecules to form a larger molecule
- releases 1 water molcule for every 2 molecules joined together

29
Q

Define hydrolysis reaction

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
- requires addition of water molecule

30
Q

Define metabolism

A

chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life

31
Q

Define catabolic reaction

A

reactions of the metabolism that break down larger molecules into smaller units

32
Q

Define anabolic reaction

A

reactions of the metabolism that build up larger molecules from smaller units

33
Q

What are the 4 main categories of biological molecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
    -proteins
    -nucleic acids
34
Q

Carbohydrates
- elements?
- building blocks?
- name of dimer?
-name of macromolecule?
-polymer or not?
-bond linking building blocks
-functions?

A
  • C, H, O
  • monosaccharides (glucose)
  • disaccharides (maltose)
  • polydaccharide
    (cellulose,starch, glycogen)
  • polymer
  • glycosidic bond
    -energy storage and supply, structure in some organisms
35
Q

Lipids
- elements?
- building blocks?
- name of dimer?
-name of macromolecule?
-polymer or not?
-bond linking building blocks
-functions?

A
  • C, H, O
  • 3 fatty acids and glycerol
  • no dimer
  • triglyceride
  • not polymer
  • ester
  • membranes, energy supply, thermal insulation
36
Q

Proteins
- elements?
- building blocks?
- name of dimer?
-name of macromolecule?
-polymer or not?
-bond linking building blocks
-functions?

A
  • C, H , O, N, S
  • amino acids
  • dipeptide
  • polypeptide/protein
  • polymer
  • peptide
  • structure, transport, enzymes, antibodies, some hormones
37
Q

Nucleic Acid
- elements?
- building blocks?
- name of dimer?
-name of macromolecule?
-polymer or not?
-bond linking building blocks
-functions?

A
  • C, H, O, N, P
  • nucleotides
  • dinucleotide
  • nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
  • polymer
  • phosphodiester bond
  • carry instructions for life
38
Q

Define single bond (covalent)

A

chemical bond where 2 atoms share 1 pair of electrons

39
Q

Define double bond (covalent)

A

chemical bond where 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

Biology (32 decks)

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