Oxidative stress Flashcards
What happens in the Glycolysis?
Metabolic pathway there glucose is converted to pyruvate
What happens in the gluconeogenesis?
Anabolic pathway that generates glucose from certain carbon substrates
Describe glycogenolysis
biochemical breakdown of glycogen –> glucose
Describe glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose
The glucose homeostasis includes two things, describe these
Exogenous glucose: all glucose originally comes from food
Endogenous glucose: if not enough of glucose is supplied by food, glycogen is broken down to form glucose
Describe the breakdown of glycogen
Glycogen —> glucose 1-phosphate —>glucose 6-phosphate
The key enzyme in the breakdown of glycogen (Glycogenphosphorylase) is regulated by … & …?
ATP & glucose
The key enzyme in the glycogen synthesis (Glycogen synthase (GS)) is regulated by ex …?
Insulin
How is fat stored in animal cells?
Animals store fat as droplets composed of water-insoluble triacylglyerols/TAG
The hydrolysis of TAG is performed by three enzymes, which are they?
ATGL: TG —> DG
HSL: DG —> MG
MGL: MG —> glycerol + fria fettsyror
What is lipotoxicity?
Fat becomes toxic when its in the wrong tissue
The cellular lipid homeostasis (balans mellan nedbrytning/uppbyggnad av fett) is regulated by three factors, which?
- Free fatty acid uptake: Regleras av insulin & muskelsammandragning (enzym: AMPK), viktigt enzym; CD36
- Fatty acids influx into mitochondria (Beta-oxidation): Reglerat av bla AMPK
- Regulation of lipid synthesis
What is oxidative stress?
ROS - reactive oxidative species (ex, normal oxygen atom —> loss of electron —> free radical)
What are the physiological positive effects of ROS?
- Kill microorganisms
- Cell signalering
- Cellular differentiation
- Regulate signal transduction & transcription
What are some antioxidants?
Non-enzymatic antioxidants (not proteins):
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Beta carotene
Antioxidant enzymes:
SOD
CAT
GPx
