Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is a unit of life [1] that consists of a mass of living matter called protoplasm [1].

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2
Q

What does protoplasm consist of ?

A

It consist of nucleus, cytoplasm and cell surface membrane.

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3
Q

What does longitudinal section mean when viewing cells?

A

It means viewing the cell along the length of it.

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4
Q

Define organelles?

A

Organelle are discrete structure within a cell [1], and has specific functions [1].

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5
Q

Explain why cells are said to be the building blocks of life?

A

Because they are the simplest units [1] that carry out life processes such as respiration, excretion, growth and division [1].

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6
Q

What is the main constituent in the protoplasm of a cell?

A

Water

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7
Q

Biggest to smallest organelles in the cell.

A

Nuclues, chloroplasts, mitochondria and Ribosomes.

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8
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores substances in cell such as food and water.

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9
Q

How would you describe vacuole in a animal cell and plant cell?

A

Animal cell:
small, numerous and temporary

Plant cell:
one large and central

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It is a partially permeable membrane [1] which controls substances moving in and out of the cell.

Feature: partially permeable membrane

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11
Q

Why is the cell membrane partially permeable?

A

This is to maintain a chemical balance with its surrounding medium.

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12
Q

In plant cells, what is cell wall made of? Explain it’s importance as a result.

A

The cell wall is made of cellulose. [1].
As such, the cell wall is rigid and can act as an important internal support for the plant such as the prevention of cell lysis. [1]

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13
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

It is the site where chemical reactions take place in the cell.

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14
Q

How would you describe the cytpoplasm in the cell?

A

It is jelly-like, containing water, enzymes and many other substances.

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15
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus control cell activities such as cell division and growth of the cell.

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16
Q

How would you describe the nucleus in a cell?

A

The nucleus contains genetic materials and is the largest organelle in an animal cell.

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17
Q

What are the part/ structure present in a animal cell?

A

-Cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-vacuole
-nucleus
-Centriole
-mitochondria
-endoplasmic reticulum [RER/ SER]
-golgi apparatus
-ribosomes

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18
Q

What is the function of the centriole?

A

The centriole help with cell division in the cell.

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19
Q

What are the structures found inside a plant cell?

A

-Cell wall
Cell membrane
-Large Central Vacuole
-Nucleus
-cytoplasm
-mitochondria
-ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum [RER/SER]

20
Q

What does the large central vacuole in plant cell contain?

A

cell sap.

Cell sap: a solution of water, some sugar and mineral salts. It keeps the cell firm or turgid by taking in water.

21
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Chloroplasts absorbs sunlight from the sun and convert it to chemical energy (stored in food) during photosynthesis.

22
Q

What are the structures present in both plant and animal cells?

A

Cytoplam, nucleus and plasma membrane.

23
Q

Are animal cell’s vacuole temporary?

A

yes

24
Q

It has been observed that nucleus contain alot of pores. What is the reason for it to have such adaptations?

A

It is to speed up the movement of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm, and between cytoplasm and nucleus (such as portein, ATP and hormones).

25
Q

What are the structure of animal cells seen under electron microscope?

A

Gogi Apparatus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

26
Q

Which part of the structure of a root hair cell is the site of uptake of water?

A

Cell membrane.

27
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It synthesizes fats and steroids.

28
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

It is made up of layers of membrane folded through the cytoplasm of a cell forming complex inner surfaces.

29
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It transports proteins made by the riobosomes to the golgi apparatus for secretion.

30
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

It is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus and has ribosomes attached.

31
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It is the site where aerobic respiration occurs to allow cell activities such as cell division and growth to occur in the cell.

32
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

It synthesizes proteins in the cell.

33
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus? [2]

A

It modifies substances made by endoplasmic reticulum. [1]

It stores and packages substances made from ER in vesicles for secretion out of the cell. [1]

34
Q

Describe the golgi apparatus.

A

It consists of stacks of flattened membranous sacs and vesicles.

35
Q

What are antibodies made up of?

A

proteins

36
Q

What are the structures with single membrane?

A

cell membrane, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus.

37
Q

What are the structures with double membrane?

A

Mitochondrion, chloroplast and nucleus.

38
Q

What is the process called when a cell becomes specialised for its function?

A

differentiation

39
Q

What is the adaptation of a root hair cell? Explain its functions.

A

It has long and narrow extensions.
This increases the surface area to volume ratio which increases the rate of absorption of water and mineral salts.

40
Q

State the functions of the xylem vessels.

A

a) transport water and mineral salts
b) provide mechanical support to the planr

41
Q

what are the structures/ adaptations of the xylem vessels that allows it to transport water and mineral salts?

A

Xylem vessels have dead cells with long hollow tubes, without cross walls, and do not have protoplasm.

This allows the transport of water upwards easily and quickly without resistance to flow.

42
Q

What are the structures/ adaptations of the xylem vessles which allows it to provide mechanical support to the plant?

A

Xylem walls deposited with lignin. The wall is thickened to prevent the collapse of xylem vessels.

43
Q

What are tissues?

A

They are a group of similar cells performing specific functions.

44
Q

What are complex tissues? Give an example and state why.

A

They are different types of cells coming together.

Red blood cells. They are complex tissues which consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and plasma etc.

45
Q

What are organs?

A

The are several tissues working together to perform a specific function.

46
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Organ systems are several organs working together for a common function.

47
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

It is important for growth, repair, and reproduction of organism. Without having an organised structure to function in the cell, it can cause the cell to malfunction and die.