CVS Flashcards
What are the risk factors for CV disease?
Diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking
XS alcohol
DM
Obesity
FHx
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Explain what is meant by the term nicotine staining:
Staining from prolonged nicotine exposure to fingers and teeth.
Explain what is meant by splinter haemorrhage:
Thin red-brown lines under the nails
> Rupture of capillaries.
Explain what is meant by Jaundice:
Yellowing of the skin/whites of eyes
> Bilirubin pigment
> Bile duct obstruction, liver disease, xs erythrocyte breakdown.
Explain what is meant by Xanthelasma:
Yellow-ish growths
On/around eyes
> Cholesterol deposits (lipids/fats).
? heart disease.
Explain what is meant by Arcus Senilis:
Grey/white arc
Outer part of cornea
> Fatty deposits.
Explain what is meant by Anaemia:
Red. erythrocyte count
Many causes
> Fe deficiency.
Explain the term Malar Flashing:
Rash on nose/cheeks
CO2 retention -> vasodilatory effects
Sign of Lupus and mitral valve stenosis.
Explain what is meant by a Carotid Bruit:
Vascular sound heard over the carotid artery
Turbulent blood flow
> Atherosclerosis.
Explain what is meant by a thrill and how you would assess for it:
Palpable vibration
> Turbulent blood flow through a valve
Assessment:
Assess all 4 heart valves.
Place hand horizontally with palm over the valve.
Explain what is meant by a Heave and how to assess for it:
Parasternal heave is a palpable precordial impulse (heart beat).
Associated with RVH.
Assessment:
Place heel of hand over the L sternal edge vertically.
Heaves - hand will lift with each systole.
Explain the terms Sacral and Peripheral Oedema:
Oedema:
Fluid build up - swelling of affected tissues.
Common in RVF.
Sacral:
Lower back.
Peripheral:
Peripheries, mainly lower legs.
List the landmarks for auscultation of heart sounds:
Aortic Valve: R side, 2nd ICS, R sternal border.
Pulmonic Valve: L side, 2nd ICS, L sternal border.
Tricuspid Valve: 4th L ICS, L sternal border.
Mitral Valve: 5th ICS, L mid-clavicular line.
