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Hematalogy Lecture > Leukopoiesis > Flashcards

Leukopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

the production and proliferation of white blood cells, with the exception of lymphocytes, in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and thymus. “BLT”

A

Leukopoiesis

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2
Q

Refers to the production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

Myelopoisis (granulocytopoiesis)

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3
Q

Refers to the production of lymphocytes

A

Lymphopoisis

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4
Q

Neutrophils (segs) %

A

50-70%

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5
Q

Lymphocytes (lymphs) %

A

18-42%

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6
Q

Monocytes (Monos) %

A

2-11%

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7
Q

Eosinophils (Eos) %

A

1-3%

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8
Q

Basophils (Basos) %

A

0-2%

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9
Q

What are the two basic WBC classifications?

A
  1. Granulocytes (develops only in bone marrow) includes: segs, eos, basos, and monos
  2. Lymphocytes or Mononuclears (develop in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue) includes: lymphs and NK cells
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10
Q

Are mononuclears granulocytes?

A

No. They have very fine granules

Granulocytes (all have noticeable granules and and segmented nuclei)

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11
Q

WBC functions:
As a defense against foreign invaders…

A

•Ab production by immunocytes (lymphs)
•cytokine production by lymphocytes (lymphokines)
•inflammatory mediator production by segs and monos
•phagocytosis (Granulocytes and mononuclear cells)

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12
Q

WBC size gets ___________ as they mature.

A

Smaller

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13
Q

Example of high N:C ratio

A

4:1

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14
Q

Example of low N:C ratio

A

1:4

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15
Q

Example of intermediate N:C ratio

A

1:1.5

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16
Q

Granules tend to develop as cell _________

A

Matures

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17
Q

What are the three cytoplasmic characteristics of WBC?

A

•color of background cytoplasm
•presence or absence of granules
•color and size of granules

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18
Q

What shape is reniform?

A

Kidney shaped

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19
Q

Nucleoli denotes __________.

A

Immaturity

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20
Q

-cluster of differentiation (CD) 34 antigen
-undergoes stimulation, mitosis, and maturation in a stem cell (CFU-GEMM) that’s specific for myeloid cells

A

CFU-S or hematopolietic stem cell (HSC)

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21
Q

-CD34 and CD33 antigens
-matures into CFU-GM

A

CFU-GEMM

Eventually a myloblast

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22
Q

-ILs and CFUs control the stability of cell numbers and their functions
-matures into a myeloblast

A

CFU-GM

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23
Q

Production is stimulated by endotoxin released from infection

A

Multi-CSF (i.e. IL-3)

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24
Q

Source of Multi-CSF (i.e. IL-3) ?

A

Secreted by marrow fibroblasts, T-lymphs, and macrophages, and monocytes

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25
Q

Function of Multi-CSF (i.e. IL-3) ?

A

Stimulates regeneration, maturation, and differentiates of multipotential and unipotential stem cells

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26
Q

Is important for myeloid maturation in the marrow

A

GM-CSF

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27
Q

Source of GM-CSF?

A

Secreted by T-lymphs, marrow fibroblasts, marrow endothelial cells and monocytes

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28
Q

Function of GM-CSF?

A

Stimulates neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocyte growth

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29
Q

Is a more specific Granulocytes growth factor

A

G-CSF

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30
Q

Source of G-CSF?

A

Monocytes, marrow fibroblasts and endothelial cells

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31
Q

Function of G-CSF?

A

Stimulates, neutrophils, and enhances functional response of neutrophils

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32
Q

Is the primary monocytic growth factor

A

M-CSF (i.e. CSF-1)

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33
Q

Source of M-CSF (i.e. CSF-1) ?

A

Secreted by mature monocytes, marrow fibroblasts, and marrow endothelial cells

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34
Q

Function of M-CSF (i.e. CSF-1) ?

A

Stimulates macrophages and the release of G-CSF from monocytes. Stimulates the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon, and IL-1 from macrophages

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35
Q

How many days does it take a neutrophil to go from a myeloblast to maturation?

A

10 days

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36
Q

What is the first nucleophilic stage that is normal in small percentages in peripheral blood? What percentage in normal adult?

A

Band

5-10%

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37
Q

What is the percentage of bands in bone marrow?

A

40%

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38
Q

Curved, band-like nucleus (C or S shape) with no segmentation

A

Band

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39
Q

What are the properties of bands? 

A

Full motility
Active adhesion properties
Some phagocytic ability

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40
Q

A maturation “shift to the ________” Occurs when neutrophil bands are increased and peripheral blood In comparison to the number of segs 

A

Left

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41
Q

Segmented (ploymorphonuclear) neutrophil (PMN) are also know as…

A

“Poly” “seg”

42
Q

Comprise 50 to 70% of total white blood cell population in normal adult peripheral blood

A

Seg

43
Q

Nucleus contains indentations to form segments, a lobed nucleus

A

Seg

44
Q

What are the properties of segs?

A

Cell is Fully functional!

45
Q

How many lobes should segs have?

A

2-5

46
Q

A maturation “shift to the ________” Occurs with increased number of segs, or hypersegmentation (>5 lobes)

A

Right

47
Q

What is it called when there is five or more lobes in a seg? 

A

Hypersegmentation (hyper mature)

48
Q

Mature neutrophilic Granule:

Color is red-purple (on Wright’s stain) Becomes light blue as cell Matures

A

Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic 

49
Q

Mature neutrophilic granule:

Mostly visible in blast and promyelocyte stages 

A

Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic

50
Q

Mature neutrophilic Granule:

Lysosomes, contains lysozymes, acid hydrolyses, MPO, Protease, superoxide

A

Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic

51
Q

Mature neutrophilic Granule:

Stains positive for peroxidase

A

Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic

52
Q

Mature neutrophilic Granule: 

No peroxidase

A

•Secondary/specific or neutrophilic
• tertiary

53
Q

Mature neutrophilic granule:

Pale lavender-pink (on Wright’s stain) 

A

Secondary/specific or neutrophilic

54
Q

 mature neutrophilic Granule: 

Starts at myelocyte stage
cause “Dawn of neutrophilia

A

Secondary/specific or neutrophilic

55
Q

Mature neutrophilic granule:

 Lysosomes, contains lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenases, and Complement activators

A

Secondary/specific or neutrophilic

56
Q

Mature neutrophilic granule: 

Color is invisible

A

Tertiary

57
Q

Mature neutrophilic granule:

Appears in very late stages

A

Tertiary

58
Q

Mature neutrophilic granule: 

Lysosomes, contain lysozymes, and gelatinase 

A

Tertiary

59
Q

In the bloodstream, granulocytes enter and then divide up equally between What two other functional pools?

A

• circulating pool (CP)- Counted in a WBC count
• Marginating pool (MP)- Lies against endothelial lining of blood cells

60
Q

Granulocyte pool that is counted in WBC count

A

Circulating pool (CP)

61
Q

Granulocyte pool that lies against endothelial lining of blood cells

A

Marginating pool (MP) 

62
Q

there is constant exchange between circulating pool and marginating pool. Marginating cells can be mobilized into peripheral blood circulating pool during….. 

A

Stress or exercise

63
Q

Movement from MP to CP accounts for the elevated WBC count scene and crying children or highly stressed out adults, due to effects of What hormone?

A

Epinephrine (Patients can rest for 30 minutes to help with this) 

64
Q

Granulocyte stay in the peripheral blood about ______ Hours and then move randomly into tissues via _________, Perform their job (_____ days) and die. 

A

6-10 hours
Diapedesis
1-5 days

65
Q

How did granulocytes move into the tissue? What is the process?

A

They squeeze you tight junctions between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls and exit into the tissues. Once in the tissues they do not return! 

66
Q

Can granulocytes move back into the blood from the tissues?

A

No!

67
Q

Eosinophils are structurally similar to ____________, But differ in their unique cytoplasmic granules.

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

What kind of granules do Eosinophils have?

A

Secondary granules, large, red orange lysosome‘s containing very small peroxidase and some acid phosphatase
Contain mostly crystalloid form of Major basic protein (MBP)

69
Q

What is major basic protein (MBP) rich in?

A

Lysine and arginine (these help with phagocytosis) And is cytotoxic to Schistosoma. 

70
Q

Do eosinophil Granules overlie nucleus?

A

May overlie nucleus, but usually don’t

71
Q

What color eosinophils Cytoplasm?

A

Colorless

72
Q

Nucleus of eosinophils? 

A

Stains less blue than neutrophils, and can be segmented (Mature) Or band like (immature)

73
Q

What moves very slowly and has less intracellular killing ability than segs?

A

Eosinophils 

74
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

-Control parasitic infections (Damage larval stages of parasitic worms)
-Dampen hypersensitivity reactions (Allergies)

75
Q

What is the life Span of eosinophils?

A

Less than one week in peripheral blood

76
Q

Basophils phagocytic ability is much less than…

A

Segs and eos

77
Q

Basophils are classified only into what two forms? 

A

Immature and mature forms based upon degree of nuclear segmentation

78
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Mediate inflammatory responses via IgE receptors on the plasma membrane (Including allergies)

79
Q

What are the contents of basophils granules?

A

Large bluish black lysozymes Containing histamine and heparin (released in allergic reactions) These are water soluble so may disintegrate during staining it may appear as empty areas

80
Q

Do granules usually overlay nucleus in basophils?

A

No

81
Q

What is the major function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis! Even though monocytes speed of Mobility is slower compared to that of segs

82
Q

Between monocytes and segs,

Which one has a higher speed of motility and wish when phagocytosis faster? 

A

Segs- greater speed of motility
Monocytes- Greater speed of phagocytosis

83
Q

Monocytes require less ___________, And phagocytosis can be initiated by contact. 

A

Opsonization

84
Q

Monocytes play a major role in processing specific __________ For lymphocyte recognition.

A

Antigens

85
Q

A monocyte in the tissues is no longer a mono, but called a ______________, Either free or fixed. 

A

Macrophage

86
Q

Mono stay in the peripheral blood for about _____ days, Then move into tissues and stay several months or more. 

A

3

87
Q

The nucleus of monocytes are…..

A

Indented or curved

88
Q

The chromatin of monocytes is….

A

Lacy with small clumps

89
Q

What is the largest sized cell in peripheral blood?

A

Monocytes*

90
Q

What is commonly found in monocytes? 

A

Vacuoles (but not always)

91
Q

Monocytes are regarded as a ___________ cell. 

A

Transition

92
Q

What are monocytes easily confused with?

A

Variant/atypical lymphs or large bands (always look at nuclear chromatin pattern: Is it frilly or chunky?)

93
Q

Monocytes contain many ___________ enzymes, includes lysozymes (release continuously), Acid phosphatase and a small amount of peroxidase (««< seg contains!) 

A

Lysosomal

94
Q

Monos also stain Positive for…

A

Nonspecific esterases (NSEs) 

95
Q

Where do you see peroxidase?

A

-4+ in segs
-2+ in later segs
-1+ in monos

96
Q

As a mono leaves the circulation and enters the tissue, it evolves into a _________-filled Macrophage

A

Lysozyme

97
Q

Macrophages can undergo a sudden increase in….

A

Anabolic energy, phagocytic activity, lysozymes, IgG Surface receptors, and mobility

98
Q

The cytoplasm of macrophages is Highly ____________ and has Foamy appearance

A

Vacuolated 

99
Q

What are the two categories of macrophages?

A

•Free- Are found in various sites of Inflammation and repair, and body fluids
• fixed- Found in specific sites of concentration (Kupffer cells, bone marrow, and lymph nodes) 

100
Q

What are the two primary phagocytes? And what are two that are capable of limited phagocytosis?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

eos and basos

101
Q

What are the five steps of phagocytosis? 

A

-directed motility (Migration)
-Recognition an attachment
-Ingestion and phagocytosis
-Degranulation/digestion and killing
-Exocytosis

*MRID(k)E

Hematalogy Lecture (35 decks)

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