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Anatomy - year 1 > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A

Long e.g limbs

Short e.g carpals in wrist

Flat e.g skull

Sesamoid e.g patella

Irregular e.g vertebrae

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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support and weight bearing

Protection

Blood formation

Mineral storage

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3
Q

Name the membrane which covers bone and it’s function

A

Periosteum, lays down more bone

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4
Q

Name the membrane which lines the inside of bone

A

Endosteum

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5
Q

What is an osteon?

A

The circular structures in which compact bone is organised

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6
Q

State the difference between Haversian systems and Volkmann’s canals

A

Haversian systems run vertically through the centre off osteons

Volkmann’s canals run horizontally between Haversian canals

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7
Q

Name the 3 types of cells found in bone

A

Osteoclasts

Osetoblasts

Osteocytes

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8
Q

Describe the function of osteoclasts and their origin

A

Osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix

Large multinucleate cells derived from haemopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

Describe the function of osteoblasts and their origin

A

Osteoblasts produce unmineralised bone matrix (osteoid) and initiate calcification

Immature bone cells created from osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum and endosteum

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10
Q

Describe the function of osteocytes and their origin

A

The function of osteocytes is not well understood, but may maintain bone matrix and sense mechanical forces

Mature bone cells found inside lacunae (cavity/ depression)

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11
Q

Describe the composition of the bone extracellular matrix

A

45% Hydroxyapatite crystals

35% Type I Collagen fibres

20% Water

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12
Q

Name 3 examples of bone remodelling disorders

A

Osetoporosis

Paget’s disease

Osteopetrosis

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13
Q

Why are limb bones long?

A

Limb bones are used for movement

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14
Q

Why do trunk bones vary between being long, flat and irregular?

A

Trunk bones are used for protection

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15
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Cartilage is a semi-rigid and flexible connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Cartilage supports tissues and organs and provides a scaffold for bone development

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17
Q

Name the 2 kinds of cells found in cartilage

A

Chrondroblasts

Chondrocytes

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18
Q

Describe the function of chondroblasts and their origin

A

Chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix and fibres

Immature cells derived from mesenchyme cells

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19
Q

Describe the function of chondrocytes and their origin

A

Chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix and fibres

Mature cells derived from chordroblasts (once they have become embedded in cartilage matrix)

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20
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

The end of long bones at the joints

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21
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear

Epiglottis

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23
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Ribs

Nose

Trachea

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24
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebrae disks

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25
Q

What structures cannot be found in cartilage?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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26
Q

Describe briefly the characteristics of each type of cartilage

A

Hyaline - weakest and glassy appearance

Elastic - flexible and resistant

Fibrocartilage - strongest type of cartilage

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27
Q

What are the two different parts of the skeleton called?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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28
Q

Where in a long bone can compact bone be found?

A

Compact bone is found on the surface

29
Q

Where in a long bone can spongy bone be found?

A

Spongy bone is found inside the bone

30
Q

What type of bone is found inside the marrow cavity?

A

Spongy bone is found inside the marrow cavity

31
Q

Name the 2 types of ossification

A

Endochondrial

Intramembranous

32
Q

Describe the process of endochondrial ossification

A
  1. Bone forms as cartilage model
  2. Blood vessels invade cartilage
  3. Cartilage replaced with bone
  4. Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate
  5. Growth plate eventually ossifies
33
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts that start to deposit bone
  2. Residual mesenchymal cells develop blood vessels and bone marrow

Note: no cartilage model and this bone formation also occurs in adult bone

34
Q

Name the two types of bone growth

A

Appositonal

Interstitial

35
Q

What is the difference between the types of bone growth

A

Appositional growth is growth in diameter of a bone

Interstitial growth is growth along the length of a bone

36
Q

What is A?

A

Epithysis

37
Q

What is B?

A

Articular cartilage

38
Q

What is C?

A

Epithyseal line

39
Q

What is D?

A

Spongy bone

40
Q

What is E?

A

Medullary cavity

41
Q

What is F?

A

Nutrient foramen

42
Q

What is G?

A

Endosteum

43
Q

What is H?

A

Periosteum

44
Q

What is I?

A

Articular cartilage

45
Q

What is J?

A

Diaphysis

46
Q

What is A?

A

Periosteum (membrane covering bone)

47
Q

What is B?

A

Cortical (hard) bone

48
Q

What is C?

A

Trabecular (spongy) bone

49
Q

What is D?

A

Articular cartilage

50
Q

What is E?

A

Epithyseal plate

51
Q

What is F?

A

Medullary cavity

52
Q

What is G?

A

Marrow

53
Q

What is H?

A

Blood vessels

54
Q

How to bones increase in width?

A

Bones increase in width by appositional growth, new bone added from outside onto existing bone

55
Q

How do bones increase in length?

A

Bones increase in length by interstitual growth, occuring by cell division in the epithyseal growth plate within the bone

56
Q

What is this a diagram of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

57
Q

What is A?

A

Chondrocytes

58
Q

What is B?

A

Matrix

59
Q

What is C?

A

Lacunae

60
Q

What is this a diagram of?

A

Spongy bone

61
Q

What is A?

A

Trabecular bone

62
Q

What is B?

A

Yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

63
Q

What is this a diagram of?

A

Compact bone

64
Q

What is A?

A

Lacuna

65
Q

What is B?

A

Lumellae

66
Q

What is C?

A

Haversian canal

67
Q

What is D?

A

Osteon

68
Q

What colour does bone show on CT and MRI?

A

White on CT

Black on MRI

Anatomy - year 1 (17 decks)

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