Bio U1 - 1.2

Question 1

Outline the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 1

1. Size: Prokaryotic small, Eukaryotic big
2. Organelles: Prokaryotic no membrane bound organelles, Eukaryotic are membrane bound
3. Division: Prokaryotic only binary fission, Eukaryotic binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis
4. Cell wall: Prokaryotic has peptidoglycan wall, and Eukaryotic has cellulose (plant) and chitin (fungi)
5. DNA: Prokaryotic in nucleoid (no nuclear membrane) and Eukaryotic in nucleus (with nuclear membrane)
6. Flagela: Prokaryotic flagela rotates, and Eukaryotic flagela moves laterally
7. Cell quantity: Prokaryotic all unicellular, and Eukaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular

Question 2

Contrast the size of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.

Answer 2

While both are composed of sub-units that come together to form a bigger unit and they both have synthesize protein during translation, they have different sizes. Pro (70s) x Eu (80s)

Question 3

State the meaning and advantages of eukaryotic cells being “compartmentalized.”

Answer 3

This means that the cells are bounded by a membrane and this causes there to be specific micro-environments and functions for different organelles. The advantage is that each micro-environment can be efficient and effective with their resources and functions.

Question 4

State structural differences between plant and animal cells.

Answer 4

Plant Cells:
have cell walls, animal cells do not;
have plastids / chloroplasts, animal cells do not;
have a large central vacuole, animal cells do not;
store starch, animal cells store glycogen;
have plasmodesmata, animal cells do not;

Animal Cells:
have centrioles, plant cells do not;
have cholesterol in the cell membrane, plant cells do not;
plant cells generally have a fixed shape / more regular whereas animal cells are more rounded;

Question 5

Define asexual reproduction.

Answer 5

Organisms arise from one single parent cell and they are genetically identical to them.
Ex: Binary Fission and Mitosis

Question 6

Outline the four steps of binary fission.​

Answer 6

1. Preparing for division (prepare energy and resources)
2. DNA Replication (semi-conservative and depends on complimentary base pairing
3. DNA Attachment (to different parts of the membrane) and Cell Growth (more wall and membrane)
4. Pinching In (the cell grows and begins to create furrows)
5. Division (the furrows meet and become a septum further creating two different cells)
6. Daughter Cells (they are genetically identical to the mother cell)

Question 7

List the functions of the Cell Membrane in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 7

Cell membrane: Regulation of what comes in and out of the cell

Question 8

List the functions of the Nucleoid in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 8

Nucleoid: Circular DNA that is not wrapped around protein, hence they are naked

Question 9

List the functions of the Plasmids in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 9

Plasmids: Small extra pieces of DNA that can be shared between bacteria and contributes to antibody immunity

Question 10

List the functions of the Cytoplasm in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 10

Cytoplasm: Gell-like substance where the metabolic reactions occur

Question 11

List the functions of the Ribosomes in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 11

Ribosomes: Make protein during translation

Question 12

List the functions of the Cell Wall in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 12

Cell Wall: Shape and allows the cell to withstand turgor pressure without bursting

Question 13

List the functions of the Pili in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 13

Pili: Enables the cell to attach to surfaces, swap DNA

Question 14

List the functions of the Capsule in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 14

Capsule: Helps the cell from dehydrating and adhering to surfaces

Question 15

List the functions of the Flagela in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 15

Flagela: Assistance wit the movement of the prokaryote

Question 16

Contrast the size of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.

Answer 16

Eukaryotic Ribosomes are larger 80s
Prokaryotic Ribosomes are smaller 70s

Question 17

Define Resolution

Answer 17

The smallest interval distinguishable in the microscope which then corresponds to the degree of visibility in which you can see the image,

Question 18

Compare the functionality of light and electron microscopes.

Answer 18

Light Microscopes: Beings are alive, which means that movement and life can be observed. However, they are less potent, meaning that their magnification is less. Larger field of view.
Electron Microscopes: Uses electron to see through the object. Because of this, beings must be dead or chemically treated to be seen using the microscope. They magnify up to 250000x. Smaller field of view.

Question 19

State the function of an exocrine gland cell.

Answer 19

Cells that synthesize molecules (often protein) for the external space. For example, the glands in the pancreas create enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine for digestion.

Question 20

Describe the function of the following structures in an exocrine gland cell: plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 20

Plasma membrane: Is part of the boundary of the cell and acts like a selective barrier that chooses what can enter into the cell
Nucleus: Contains most of the DNA of the cell and also contains the nucleolus and chromatin
Mitochondria: Where aerobic respiration is done to produce ATP
Golgi Apparatus: Produces secretory vesicles, modifies protein from the ER, and receives transport vesicles from the ER
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that are used to break down cellular debris and waste
Vesicles: Transport materials inside and outside of the cell (exocytosis)
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Ribosomes on the ER produce protein which moves through the ER and is then packaged in the Golgi Apparatus

Question 21

State the function of a palisade mesophyll cell.

Answer 21

These are cells right under the upper surface of the cell and they are richest in chloroplasts per cell, meaning they are the main site of photosynthesis

Question 22

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: cell wall, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, vacuole, nucleus, and mitochondria.​

Answer 22

Cell Wall: Provides structural rigidity and support
Plasma membrane: Forms boundaries of the cell and allows certain materials to pass
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis. Produce carbohydrates using light energy, CO2 and H2O
Vacuole: Membrane bound sacs, store water and dissolved nutrients and helps maintain cell turgidity
Nucleus: Contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell, contains the nucleolus and chromatin.
Mitochondria: The location of aerobic cellular respiration used to make ATP.

Question 23

Explain why cells with different functions will have different structures.

Answer 23

This is directly related to the specialization of the cell and is also related to the amount of organelles in the cell depending on their primary function