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PHARM 220 > Clinical Biochemistry- Electrolyte Tests > Flashcards

Clinical Biochemistry- Electrolyte Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Value for severe hyponatremia

A

<120mmol/L

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2
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

low serum Na
results in hypotonicity

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

NV, anorexia, altered mental status, confusion, seizures, coma

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4
Q

What are the causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?

A

GI losses
Renal/Skin/Lung losses
diuretics

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5
Q

What are the causes of isovolemic hyponatremia?

A

Water intoxication
Renal failure
SIADH

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6
Q

What are the causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia?

A

CHF
Liver damage
Nephrosis

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7
Q

Value for severe hypernatremia

A

> 160mmol/L

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

Seizures, thirst, lethargy, coma, restlessness, irritability, ataxia, tremors

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9
Q

Value for severe hypokalemia

A

<2.5mmol/L

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10
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

A

Decreased intake
Excessive renal loss
Intracellular shift
Excessive GI loss

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11
Q

Value for severe hyperkalemia

A

> 8mmol/L

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

V-fib, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness, paralysis

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13
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

A

Excessive intake
Impaired renal function
Redistribution to ECF

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14
Q

What is pseudohyperkalemia?

A

Appears as hyperkalemia on lab results but caused by hemolysed lab samples
IC K released and added to serum

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15
Q

Value for severe hypochloremia

A

<75mmol/L

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16
Q

What are the causes of hypochloremia?

A

Severe loss of gastric fluid
Metabolic alkalosis
Renal losses (due to loss of Na)
Indirect cause by drugs

17
Q

Value for severe hyperchloremia

A

> 125mmol/L

18
Q

What are the causes of hyperchloremia?

A

Rarely in isolation
Accompanied by Na and water retention
Mostly caused by metabolic acidosis

19
Q

Value for severe hypomagnesemia

A

<0.5mmol/L

20
Q

What are the causes of hypermagnesemia?

A

GI or renal losses
Associated with refractory hypocalcemia and hypokalemia (need to treat low Mg first)

21
Q

What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A

Weakness, increased reflexes, heart arrythmia, CNS changes, confusion, tingling and numbness in extremities

22
Q

Value for severe hypermagnesemia

A

> 1.5mmol/L

23
Q

What are the symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

A

Bradycardia, heart block, mental confusion, decrease in tendon reflexes, weakness, respiratory depression, hypocalcemia

24
Q

What are the causes of hypermagnesemia?

A

Significant renal dysfunction
Magnesium overload – ISMP alert

25
Q

What causes an ISMP safety alert?

A

Large doses of Mg (usually for seizures)
Ca injection is antidote

26
Q

Value for severe hypocalemia

A

<1mmol/L

27
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Numbness, myalgias, tingling to tetany, hyperreflexia, cardiac arrythmias, hypotension, seizures

28
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Disorders of VD metabolism or PTH

29
Q

Value for severe hypercalcemia

A

> 3mmol/L

30
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

GI symptoms, lethargy, confusion, acute renal failure, ECG changes

31
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A

Malignancies
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Drug

32
Q

What should Ca levels be interpreted with?

A

K
Albumin (Ca= Ca+0.02*(40-Albumin))

33
Q

Value for severe hypophosphatemia

A

<0.3mmol/L

34
Q

What are the symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

A

Muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis, platelet dysfunction, cardiac and respiratory failure, encephalopathy, seizures

35
Q

What are the causes of hypophosphatemia?

A

Reduced intake
Intracellular shift
Increased excretion
Chronic alcohol ingestion, diabetic ketoacidosis

36
Q

Value for severe hyperphosphatemia

A

> 2.4mmol/L

37
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Calcium phosphate deposition in soft tissue, osteomalacia

PHARM 220 (3 decks)

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