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KIN 217 - Human Biochemistry > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are molecules that are not ________, but are _______ in organic solvents

A

water soluble; soluble

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2
Q

What are the 5 major classes of lipids?

A
  1. Free fatty acid (common fuel)
  2. Triacylglycerols (storage form of fatty acids)
  3. Phospholipids (membrane lipids)
  4. Glycolipids (membrane lipids composed in part of carbohydrates)
  5. Steroids (polycyclic hydrocarbons w/ a variety of functions)
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3
Q

Name the 3 types of membrane lipids

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
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4
Q

True or False: Fatty acids are composed of hydrocarbon chains with Carbon and Hydrogen atoms

A

True

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5
Q

One end of the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain will be a ________ acid and the other end will be a _________ group

A

carboxylic acid; methyl group

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6
Q

Fatty acids are…

a) polar and soluble in water
b) nonpolar and insoluble in water

A

b) nonpolar and insoluble in water

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7
Q

Lipids comprise of about ______% of organic matter in the average human body

a) 60
b) 20
c) 40
d) 30

A

c) 40%

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8
Q

True or False: Fatty acids can only be saturated

A

False: Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated

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9
Q

Saturated fatty acids comprise of ______ bonds only

A

single

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10
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have higher melting points than saturated fatty acids and comprise of only one double or triple bonds

A

False: Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids and comprise of one or more double or triple bonds

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11
Q

True or False: Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond in their structure

A

True

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12
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids are _______ at room temperature and ________ when refrigerated

A

liquid; solid

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13
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have _________ melting points than monounsaturated fatty acids

A

lower

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14
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids consist of multiple _________ separated by at least one ________ group and generally remain ________ at room temp

A

double bonds; methylene group; liquid

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15
Q

Fatty acids have roles in ________, _________, ________

A

storing energy; cell signalling, and comprising the cell membrane

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16
Q

Fatty acid carbon atoms are usually numbered starting at the _________. Carbon atoms two and three are referred to as _____ and ______ carbons. The last carbon in chain is referred to as ______________

A

carboxy terminus; alpha; beta; omega carbon atom

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17
Q

Properties of fatty acids are dependent upon __________ and degree of __________

A

chain length; unsaturation

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18
Q

True or False: long chain length and presence of cis-double bonds lead to an enhancement of fluidly of the fatty acids

A

False: Long chain length and presence of cis-double bonds lead to an enhancement of fluidly of the fatty acids

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19
Q

True or False: Chain lengths in biological systems are typically in 16 or 18 carbon atom range

A

True

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20
Q

Why are cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids essential components of human diets?

A

They essential components to the human diet because humans cannot synthesize these. These fatty acids are precursors to a variety of hormones

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21
Q

With polyunsaturated fatty acids, there are multiple __________, but the bonds are separated by at least one _____________

A

double bonds; methylene group

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22
Q

True or False: Abbreviated names indicate whether a fatty acid is saturated, monosaturated, or polyunsaturated

A

True

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23
Q

Palmitic acid has ___ carbons and is _____ fatty acid (no double bond); thus, abbreviated name is ______

A

16; saturated; 16:0

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24
Q

Oleic acid has ___ carbons and is a __________ fatty acid (1 double bond at carbon-9); thus, abbreviated the name _______

A

18; monounsaturated; 18: 1n-9

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25
Q

Linoleic acid has ____ carbons and is a __________ fatty acid (2 double bonds, first double bond located at carbon-6 from omega carbon); thus, abbreviated name ______

A

19; polyunsaturated; 18: 2n-6

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26
Q

Linolenic acid has ___ carbons and is a _______fat (3 double bonds, first double bond located at carbon-3 from omega carbon); thus, abbreviated name is _______

A

18; polyunsaturated; 18: 3n-3

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27
Q

What are the three ways fatty acids can be named?

A
  1. Systematic name
    - Based on number of carbons (first # in the name)
    - Location of double bonds from alpha carbon (most oxidized carbon), but location of double bond is dropped
    - Positions of double bonds are indicated by Δ symbol, w/ first atom of double bond indicated by a superscript number (ex. Δ9 which indicated a double bond between carbons 9 and 10)
  2. Common name based on what someone decided to name it
  3. Abbreviated name
    - Name starts w/ number of carbons, followed by the number of carbon-carbon double bond from ω (omega) end, than the location of the first double bond from the omega terminus (the last carbon in the chain, almost always a methyl carbon atom)
  • ex. 18: 2n-9 –> this indicated that there are 18 carbons, 2 doubles bonds, and that the first double bond is located at carbon 9
28
Q

List 5 saturated fatty acids

A
  1. Laurate
  2. Palmitate
  3. Arachidate
  4. Myristate
  5. Stearate
29
Q

List 4 monounsaturated fatty acids and the various names for them, according to the naming system

A

[1]
- Palmitoleate has 16-carbons, one double bond at carbon-7 from omega carbon, (16:1n-7 in abbreviated naming system)

  • Carbon-9 from alpha carbon 16:1 △9
  • Systematic name is 9-Hexadecenoic acid with hexadec denoting 16-carbons, and one double bond at carbon-9 from alpha carbon

[2]
- Vaccenate has 18-carbons with one double bond at carbon-7 from omega carbon, 18:1n-7, in abbreviated naming system

  • Carbon-11 from the alpha carbon, 18:1 △11
  • Systematic name is 11-Octadecenoic acid with octadec denoting 18-carbons, and one double bond at carbon-11 from the alpha carbon

[3]
- Oleate has 18-carbons with one double bond at carbon-9 from the omega carbon, 18:1n-9, in abbreviated naming system

  • Carbon-9 from the alpha carbon, 18:1 △9
  • Systematic name is 9-Octadecenoic acid with octadec denoting 18-carbons, and one double bond at carbon-9 from the alpha carbon

[4]
- Elaidate has 18-carbons with one double bond in the trans configuration at carbon-9 from the omega carbon, 18:1n-9 trans, in abbreviated naming system

  • Carbon-9 from the alpha carbon, 18:1 △9 trans
  • Systematic name is 9-trans-Octadecenoic acid with octadec denoting 18-carbons, and one trans double bond at carbon-9 from the alpha carbo
30
Q

List 5 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the various names for them, according to the naming system

A

 Ex. [A]
- Linoleate 18: 2n-6
- 18:2 △9 △12
- (9,12-Octadecadienoic acid)

 Ex. [B]
- Arachidonate 20:4n-6
- 20:4 △5 △8 △11 △14
- (5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid)

 Ex. [C]
- a-Linolenate 18:3n-3
- 18:3 △9 △12 △15
- (9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid)

 Ex. [D]
- Timnodonate 20:5n-3
- 20:5 △5 △8 △11 △14 △17
- (5,8,11,14,17- Eicosatetraenoic acid)

 Ex. [E]
- Cervonate 22:6n-3
- 22:6 △4 △7 △10 △13 △16 △19
- (4,7,10,13,16,19- Docosahexaenoic acid)

31
Q

What are triacyclglycerols?

A

Triacyclglycerols are energy rich storage forms of fatty acid, formed by attachment of three fatty acid chains to a glycerol molecule

32
Q

In human and animals, fatty acids are stored in _________ cells

A

adipose tissue

Each adipose contains a large lipid droplet in which the triacylglycerols are store

33
Q

Plants store fats as…

a) nucleotides
b) seeds
c) adenosine triphosphate
d) adipose tissue

A

b) seeds

34
Q

Why are fatty acids are an ideal storage reserve for energy?

A

Fatty acids are an ideal storage reserve for energy since these molecules are much more reduced than carbohydrates, thus liberating greater amounts of energy upon oxidation

35
Q

Fatty acids are ________ and __________, allowing for dense storage in the absence of water molecule

A

hydrophobic; anhydrous

36
Q

Fatty acids are stored as triacyclglycerols where ______ fatty acids are esterified to ______ molecule of glycerol. This creates a ________ molecule.

A

three; one; triacylgercol

37
Q

What are soaps?

A

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids generated by treating triacylglycerol’s with a strong base

Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH)

38
Q

Hydrophobic ends interact of soap interact with with _____, while the Hydrophilic ends interact with ______

A

dirt; water

39
Q

True or False: Phospholipids are important for cell membrane structure

A

True

40
Q

True or False: Cell membrane = a single layer of phospholipids

A

False: Cell membrane = bilayers of phospholipids

41
Q

True or False: Phospholipids are often called polar lipids

A

True

42
Q

Phospholipids have two distinct regions: (1) ______ regions, (2) ______ regions or amphipathic molecules

A

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

43
Q

Structures of phospholipids will include…

A

[1] A platform or backbone - phospholipids w/ glycerol backbone are called phosphoglycerates or phosphoglycerols. There can also be phospholipids with a sphingosine backbone

[2] Two fatty acid chains - one fatty acid is saturated, one is unsaturated

[3] A phosphate group

[4] An alcohol - could be choline, serine, or an ethanolamine

44
Q

Major phospholipids are derived from ____________

A

phosphatide

45
Q

With the amphipathic nature of phospholipids, a ____________ will form by several individual phospholipid molecules creating a membrane lipid bilayer with the _________ tail regions in interior and ______ head groups exposed to exterior aqueous environment

A

lamellar bilayer; hydrophobic; hydrophilic

46
Q

True or False: The amphipathic nature of phospholipids can create vesicles or liposomes in aqueous solutions

A

True

47
Q

Common phospholipids in cell membranes all contain…

A

[1] a glycerol backbone
[2] two fatty acid chains
[3] a phosphate group
[4] the alcohol

48
Q

Cardiolipin is unique in that it has a “_____” phospholipid structure

A

double

49
Q

True or False: In the cardiolipin structure, glycerol’s on either side and the middle, connecting the two portions of the molecules via the phosphate groups

A

True

50
Q

Cardiolipin makes up ____% of the lipids of the inner mitochondrial membrane

a) 20%
b) 40%
c) 30%
d) 25%

A

a) 20%

51
Q

Cardiolipin aids in relative _______ of the membrane, which allows a _______ gradient to be established -> essential for the electron transport chain and cellular respiration

A

impermeability; proton

52
Q

What are Sphingolipids?

A

They are phospholipids built on a sphingosine platform called sphingolipids

53
Q

Sphingolipids are ______ in the outer leaflet of plasma membrane

A

high

54
Q

___________ is a common membrane sphingolipid and is common in myelin sheath of nerve cells

A

Sphingomyelin

55
Q

True or False: Glycolipids = carbohydrate containing lipids

A

True

56
Q

True or False: The carbohydrate component of a glycolipid will typically be in the intracellular surface of a cell membrane

A

False: The carbohydrate component of a glycolipid will typically be in the extracellular surface of a cell membrane

57
Q

What are glycolipids derived from?

A

sphingosine

58
Q

__________ are the simplest glycolipids with a single sugar residue, such as glucose or galactose

A

Cerebrosides

59
Q

True or False: More complex glycolipids will include many more sugar moieties; typically, with seven sugar moieties

A

True

60
Q

Steroids are built on a tetracyclic platform consisting of _______ cyclohexane rings and a ________ ring that are all used together –> this creates a __________

A

three; cyclopentane; steroid nucleus

61
Q

Cholesterol is the most common _______ molecule and has an integral role in maintaining _________________

A

steroid; membrane integrity

62
Q

True or False: Colesterol are important precursors for the assembly of steroid hormones

A

True

63
Q

True or False: Unlike other molecules, Cholesterols like molecules are not important structural entities in prokaryotic cell membranes

A

False: Cholesterols like molecules (namely hopanoids) are important structural entities in prokaryotic cell membranes

64
Q

True or False: Sterols play an important role in plants

A

True

65
Q

Sometimes, the fatty acid component of the protein is referred to as the _______________, as it allows the protein to be _________ to the cell membrane

A

membrane anchor; anchored

KIN 217 - Human Biochemistry (34 decks)

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