Garafalo Review

Question 1

Ionic composition - ecf / icf

Answer 1

Sodium- e- 135-147mEq/L
i - 10-15

Potassium - e - 3.5-5.0
i - 120-150

Chloride - e - 95-105
i - 20-30

Bicarbonate - e - 22-28
i - 12-16

Calcium - e- 2.1-2.8
i - 0.0000007

Question 2

Component makeup of a cell membrane.

Answer 2

1. Phospholipids (70%)
2. Cholesterol (20%)
3. Glycolipids (5%)

Question 3

Six major functions of cell membrane

Answer 3

1. Transport
2. Enzymatic Regulation
3. Signal transduction
4. Cell-Cell recognition
5. Intercellular joining
6. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.

Question 4

Cytoskeleton components

Answer 4

(Provides cell structure)

1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate filaments

Question 5

Substances permeable to the cell membrane

Answer 5

1. Gases ( O2 and CO2)
2. Non-polar hydrophobic molecules (benzene)
3. Small polar molecules (water, ethanol)

Question 6

Substances not permeable to the cell membrane

Answer 6

1. Large polar molecules (Glucose)
2. Amino acids
3. Charged molecules ( H+, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+)

Question 7

Most abundant body lipid

Answer 7

Phospholipid

Question 8

Cytosol functions

Answer 8

1. Enzymatic regulation
2. “intermediary” metabolism

Question 9

Protein’s critical role in membrane function

Answer 9

1. Structural support
2. Recognition
3. Communication
4. Transport

Question 10

Membrane permeability factors

Answer 10

1. Lipid solubility
2. Size
3. Charge
4. Presence of channels and transporters

Question 11

Membrane fluidity factors

Answer 11

1. Membranes molecules held in place by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.
2. Most lipids and some proteins drift laterally.
3. Influenced by temperature.
4. Membranes rich in unsaturated (compared to saturated fatty acids) fatty acids are more fluid because of the the double bond kink in its structure that doesn’t allow tight packing.

Question 12

Cell identity markers on membranes

Answer 12

carbohydrate groups join with lipids to form glycolipids and with proteins to form glycoproteins.

Question 13

Resting membrane potential factors

Answer 13

1. Presence of fixed non-diffusible anions inside the cell.
2. Preferential permeability of the PM
3. The sodium-potassium pump

Question 14

Neuron location where ligand-gated channels are prevalent

Answer 14

Dendrites and Soma

Question 15

Increase in Ach effect on the membrane potential

Answer 15

opens more depolarization

Question 16

What type of feedback loop is an Action Potential cycle?

Answer 16

Positive

Question 17

How does interventricular repolarization problems manifest in an Action potential?

Answer 17

It creates a wider action potential.