Cells

Question 1

major hallmark of cancers

Answer 1

loss of cell to cell adhesion and anchorage independent growth

Question 2

inner leaflet of phospholipid

Answer 2

Phosphatidylethanolamine,
Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol

Outer: Phosphatidylcholine, Sphingomyelin,

Question 3

Factors that determine permeability of the cell membrane

Answer 3

Temperature
Types of solutes present
Level of cell hydration

Question 4

Barrier to movement of proteins
across membranes

Answer 4

Zona occludens

Leaky: PCT, Jejunum
Tight: CD, terminal Colon, BBB

Question 5

GLUT1

Answer 5

BBB, RBC, Cornera, Placenta

Question 6

GLUT2

Answer 6

Liver, Pancreas (β islet cells), Basement Membrane
of Small Intestine, Kidney

Question 7

GLUT3

Answer 7

Neurons, Placenta

Question 8

GLUT4

Answer 8

Muscles, Adipose (only insulin-dependent glucose transporter)

Question 9

GLUT5

Answer 9

fructose
Spermatocyte

Question 10

Source of energy in Primary active transport

Answer 10

ATP Hydrolysis

Question 11

Source of energy in Secondary active transport

Answer 11

downhill transport of Na

Question 12

It inhibits the Na+K+ATPase Pump

Answer 12

Digoxin

Question 12

It inhibis the Na+K+ATPase Pump

Answer 12

Digoxin

Question 13

osmolarity =

Answer 13

concentration x # of dissociable particles

Question 14

RC with No solute penetration

Answer 14

1 RC – effective osmole and attracts water to where it is concentrated

RC = amt returned/sent

Albumin

Question 15

RC with COMPLETE solute penetration

Answer 15

Zero RC
Urea

Question 16

this refer to intracellular charge

Answer 16

Resting membrane potential

normal nerve RMP: -70mV

Question 17

Macroglia that forms myelin in the
CNS and PNS respectively

Answer 17

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

Question 18

Helps in regeneration and
remyelination in the PNS

Answer 18

Schwann cells

Question 19

Astrocyte in the white matter

Answer 19

Fibrous astrocytes

in the gray matter: protoplasmic astrocyte

Question 20

autoimmune disease directed against the components of the myelin sheath

Answer 20

Multiple Sclerosis

HLA-DR2
Distinct episodes of neurologic
deficits that are separated in time, patchy white matter lesions that are separate in space

paraperesis, optic neuritis

Question 21

Action Potential generated where

Answer 21

Axon Hillock/initial segment

Question 22

ACh is created by

Answer 22

Choline Acetyltransferase
trigger: REM sleep
dec in Alzheimer’s dementia and huntington

Question 23

NE found at

Answer 23

locus coeruleus of pons
1/2 life: 2mins

Question 24

inhibitory NT
vasodilator

Answer 24

Nitric oxide
permanent gas

Question 25

spinal cord main inhibitory NT

Answer 25

glycine
increases Cl influx

Question 26

brain inhibitory NT

Answer 26

GABA

Question 27

NT involved in Slow pain

Answer 27

Substance P

fast pain: Glutamate

Question 28

Tryptophan derivattives

Answer 28

Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin

Question 29

strongest muscle by weight

Answer 29

masseter in the jaw

Question 30

Contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle

Answer 30

Sarcomere

Question 31

attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

Answer 31

Troponin T

troponin I - inhibits actin-myosin binding
Troponin C - calcium binding protein

Question 32

responsible for relaxation of contracted smooth muscles and
formation of latch bridges

Answer 32

Dephosphorylation of actomyosin