Physiology II

Question 1

Roles of the Pulmonary (Respiratory) system

Answer 1

Regulate plasma levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Regulate plasma pH
Protect against inhaled pathogens
Provide an adequate surface for gas exchange with the external environment
Assure adequate alveolar air movement by alterations in rate and depth of ventilation
Support vocalization of sound

Question 2

pneumothorax

Answer 2

collapsed lung

Question 3

define:
tidal volume:
residual volume:
expiratory reserve volume:
inspiratory reserve volume:
vital capacity:
total lung volume:

Answer 3

tidal volume: normal breathing
residual volume: what’s left after MAX exhale
expiratory reserve volume: max exhale after tidal
inspiratory reserve volume: max inhale after tidal
vital capacity: total- residual
total lung volume: total lung volume

Question 4

blood gas factors that influence pulmonary ventilation

Answer 4

PCO2 and PO2

Question 5

role of chemoreceptors in regulating pulmonary ventilation

Answer 5

Peripheral chemoreceptors:
Located in carotid and aortic arteries
Specialized glomus cells
Sense changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2 
low PO2->K+ channels close-> cell depolarizes-> Ca channels open, allowing Ca in-> exocytosis of neurotransmitters-> signal to medulla

Central chemoreceptors:
Changes in CO2

Question 6

primary homeostatic roles of the renal system

Answer 6

Regulate extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
Regulate osmolarity
Maintain ion balance
Regulate pH
Excrete waste
Produce hormones

Question 7

Primary homeostatic roles of the GI system

Answer 7

Provide a connection with the external environment for ingesting nutrients and eliminating wastes

Regulate the secretory and motility processes involved in normal gut function

Assure that ingested nutrients are digested to absorbable forms

Provide an absorptive surface for nutrients (etc.) uptake

Protect against ingested pathogens

Question 8

basic processes of digestive system

Answer 8

digestion, motility, secretion, and absorbtion; affected by neural and hormonal processes: secretion and motility

Question 9

mucosa adaption for secreting hydrogen ions

Answer 9

parietal cells break up water, send out H oppositely with K using ATP, pump HCO2 into interstitial fluid