lecture 5; Stone: The Agro-Pastoral Emergence, between Life and Death

Question 1

AGRO-PASTORALISM (9000 BCE and onwards):

Answer 1

• Combination of food farming with animal herding (sheep, pigs and cattle)
• Grain thought to have spiritual powers (still does)
• Changed labour relationships between genders: women had to weave, cook, grind grain, make pots/baskets, sew clothes and take care of the children
• authority is required to distribute grain amongst the people
• a chief or king is responsible for distribution
• the agro-pastoralist societies were the first to powerfully transform the landscape to suit their needs
• in relation to history, this agro-pastoral revolution was pretty quick (revolutions usually take a very long time)

Question 2

what were the causes by AGRO-PASTORALISM?

Answer 2

1. change in hierarchy
2. change in gender roles
3. change in landscape using irrigation, walls, fences
4. The ability to produce food as a symbol of civilization

Question 3

AFRICA/EURASIA:

Answer 3

• Wheat/Barley
• Rice

Question 4

AMERICAS:

Answer 4

• Potato
• Corn
• Tomato

Question 5

what is a Granary?

Answer 5

Storage architecture

Question 6

Granary:

Answer 6

• Raised floor (lift grain off ground)- to keep dry/ away from moisture and protect from nibbling mice
• Lid comes on and off
• Ladder attached
• stones at the bottom, floor that lifts the grain from the ground
• Granary started to become communal and everyone worked together to harvest
• Hierarchal society: someone has authority to divide grain
• grain produces bread, porridges, beer

Question 7

what is a Weir Dam?

Answer 7

Irrigation (supply of water to land/crops) begins, realizing water is important for farming

Question 8

were sickles with obsidian used as blades? true or false

Answer 8

trueee

Question 9

Göbekli Tepe, Turkey (9,000 - 5,000 BCE):

Answer 9

• Man-made shamanistic center
• Discovered 20 years ago
• Was a lush forest 1000 years ago
• Ceremonies related to death and life
• T-shaped Stone pillars (hand carved)
• Sacrificial altar
• Burial area (not a cemetery tho, no hearths)
• When not used, purposefully buried
• no iron implements no chisels
• they had a team who worked on the pillars
• special design team

Question 10

Çatal Hüyük, Turkey (7500 - 5700 BCE)

Answer 10

• Agro-pastoral community
• Tightly packed houses
• it is a compact village
• no streets
• each home has its own walls
• access from the roof
• the walls were often painted with geometrical patterns and animals
• Over time, some houses became ancestor cult spaces (each house was a mini house shrine)
• Floor raised (for burials) [floor burial]
• Bull cult (form of deity) each house having horns as decoration.
• Murals of bulls in red. As well as geometric shapes elaborately painted on walls
• No elites, but communality