Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Paeds Dip > Module 10: School Age Child, Neurological development & learning > Flashcards

Module 10: School Age Child, Neurological development & learning Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary mov’t controlled by which tract?

A

Mostly Lateral corticospinal.
Voluntary mov’t mostly directed at distal muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which spinal tract makes postural adjustments in response to Voluntary mov’t (Skilled mov’t of extremity) mediated by Lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Anterior Corticospinal tract (Involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Involuntary Mov’t controlled by which tract?

A

Mostly Anterior corticospinal.
involuntary mov’t mainly proximal and truncal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What part of the brain mediates our ability to decide on the relevance of the stimulus & direct attention whilst suppressing other stimulus/ distractions?

A

PFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions

A
  • Directing and maintaining attention (focus on specific task)
  • Morality
  • Problem-solving
  • Adjusting behavior to social norms
  • Planning
  • Ability to shift focus/ change set (allows us to put our attention on tasks that we need to do
    while shifting away from distractions)
  • Working memory (how much we can keep track of in our heads) eg, can child follow multiple instructions or only one at a time?
  • Deliberate decisions
  • Regulation & expression of emotion (linked w limbic)
  • Regulate attention & motor response to stimuli
  • Inhibition
  • Completing a goal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to Stimulate PFC

A
  • Movement
  • Extension tone
  • Good cerebellar functioning
  • Co regulation
  • Bottom up (Body up)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the dorsal & lateral PFC (frontal association areas) regulate?

A

Attention & motor response to stimuli

(Via the and motor cortex as well as the basal
ganglia & cerebellum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the ventral & medial PFC (frontal association areas) responsible for?

A

regulation of emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ADHD

A

is a lack of PFC inhibition

  • The PFC mediates our ability to decide on the relevance of the stimulus and
    directs our attention to it while suppressing distractions
  • PFC responsible for goal - directed behaviour (Planning, organised search & impulse control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inability to change set/ shift focus/ change topic is a sign of?

A

Frontal rigidity, frontal dysfunction/ deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Frontal lobe Functions:

A
  • Motor Control = primary motor cortex. (Balanced, smooth, planned. goal orientated, unwanted mov’ts supressed)
  • Movement Planning
  • Arousal (is level of arousal appropriate for situation, can the self reg?)
  • Awareness
  • Attention (focussed, distractible?)
  • Understanding Self
  • Motivation (can they stick at a task, puzzles)
  • Working Memory (can they remember 3 things, can they follow 2-3 instructions whilst getting ready for school?)
  • Shift Focus
  • Inhibition
  • Complete a Goal
    PRC = responsible for executive functions
  • ability to self regulate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is oculomotor gaze system responsible for? (1 of 2)

A

moves eyes in the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is head mov’t system responsible for? (2 of 2 gaze systems)

A

Moves the orbits in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Saccadic system do?

A
  • Points the fovea toward objects of interest.
  • Saccades are rapid eye movements that
    redirect gaze to an object of interest and
    result in the projection of that object onto
    the fovea.
  • our eyes explore the world in a series of active fixations connected by saccades.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of Volitional Saccades?

A
  1. Anti- Saccade = Avert eyes/ look away from stimulus (two fingers, pt start looking at Dr. start wiggle one finger & direct pt to look at wiggling finger = test saccade, look at finger not wiggling = test anti saccade)
  2. Memory Saccade = Directing gaze to where something was (depend o intact working memory & spatial orientation)
  3. Predictive Saccade = gaze directed to where target expected to be
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frontal Lobe Tests:

A
  • Digit span (forwards and backwards)
  • Motor strength & tone
  • working memory
  • Limb control
  • Blink rates
  • Glabellar tap test (e.g. depression, mania, Parkinson’s, dementia)
  • Other release phenomena - lip smacking etc
  • Spontaneous lateral eye movements
  • Saccade accuracy
  • Anti-saccades
  • Remembered saccades
17
Q

Parietal lobe is involved in:

A
  • Regulates somato-sensory functions
  • Responsible for cortical processing of touch, pain, body position, body awareness
  • Receptive and sensory components of language (wernicke - L temporal/parietal)
  • Complex spatial orientation and perception
  • Self-perception and interaction with the world
18
Q

Primary Motor cortex is contained in which lobe?

A

Frontal

19
Q

Which Lobe contains the Somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal

20
Q

What Spinal Tracts does sensory info travel in on the way to somatosensory cortex (Parietal)?

A

Information travels through the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system, the spinothalamic tract, trigeminothalamic tract

21
Q

What are Parietal Functions?

A

** localisation/ identification
* Location for visual attention
* Location for touch perception
* Goal directed voluntary movements
* Manipulation of objects in space
* Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept
* Building maps of body and world around

22
Q

Three types of Agnosia (Parietal function)

A
  • Visual = making sense f & identifying objects
  • Auditory = Identifying source of a common noise
  • Tactile (Sterognosis) = recognising an object by its physical characteristics
23
Q

What are Signs of Poor Parietal Functioning?

A
  • Inability to attend to more than one object at a time
  • Inability to name an object (Anomia)
  • Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia)/ testing graphesthesia (recognise shapes/ numbers traced on hand)
  • Stereognosis (object identification)
  • Problems with reading (Alexia)
  • Difficulty with drawing objects
  • Difficulty in distinguishing left from right (Can they identify R & L body parts? after 4/5 yrs)
  • Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia)
  • Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space that leads to difficulties in
    self-care.
  • Inability to focus visual attention.
  • Difficulties with eye and hand co-ordination.
24
Q

Hemineglect (Unilateral neglect) & How to test

A
  • Patients ignore visual somatosensory or auditory stimuli on affected side despite intact primary sensation. unawareness/ unresponsiveness to objects, people, own limbs & other Stimuli
  • Neglect most prominent & long lasting after damage to R hemisphere (esp after stroke) = neglect of L

Testing;
= extinction on double simultaneous stimulus- only unaffected side may be detected.
= construction - drawing objects
= Cancellation task = circle/ cancel all targets
= Line Bisection

25
Q

How to clinically test Parietal function?

A
  • Parietal awareness/localisation = pt stand eyes closed & both arms out in front. Move one arm and ask pt to match other arm to moved arm. compare side-side (TESTING- Parietal opposite to arm pt moves)
  • OPK Pursuit
  • stereognosis (object identification )
26
Q

Postural Stability is mediated by what spinal tracts

A
  • older/ primitive pathways
  • vestibulospinal (medial/lateral= postural adjustments response to balance)
  • Reticulospinal (Reticular Nuclei in Reticular formation) (muscle tone ass’ w voluntary mov’t & postural stability)
  • Rubrospinal (Red nucleus) (facilitates UL flexion)
  • Tectospinal (Superior Colliculus) (orientates head & neck in response to eye mov’ts)
27
Q

Cerebellum

A

** Coordinator & predictor of cortical output
**Important in movement, facilitates smooth movement by error detection & correction, motor learning, posture, cognitive functions
** Predicts mov’t of world around us, then adjusts our movement in relation to that.
- C effects LMN system VIA BS
- Fastigial N = Eyes/ truncal mov’t
- Iterpossitus (globose & emoliform) = Gross motor UL
- Dentate N = Fine mov’t of hand
- Receives sensory input & sends independent & segregated pathways to LMN & UMN sysytem of BS & Cortex

28
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • INTEGRATOR OF CNS
  • group of interconnected nuclei
  • regulates thalamic activity , TF regulates cortical activity
  • Output from BG either increases or decreases tonic inhibition of thalamus via direct & indirect pathway.
  • DIRECT P/W = releases thalamus from tonic inhibition, leading to more cortical output.
  • INDIRECT P/W = puts the brakes on direct p/w, decreases cortical output, suppresses behaviour not related to targeted behaviour
  • Encode for the DECISIONto move, DIRECTION to move & AMPLITUTDE of mov’t, motor expression & emotions
  • receive input from widespread cortical areas, integrates input & projects back to the cortex
29
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A
  • most primitive descending motor system.
  • Primarily ips pathway
  • Cortex drives Reticulospinal system = if have cortical fatigue(hemp) will have reduced tone on same side
  • RS tract coordinates M group activation for primitive motor behaviours; orientation of body towards or away from stimulus (oncoming ball) & motor behaviours that don’t require dexterity. Integrates distal M actions w proximal M actions & initiate changes in M tone related to voluntary mov’t of limbs.
  • EG step on rock and sprain ankle = poor tone/ firing of reticulospinal
  • Involved w breathing; activate skeletal muscles of respiration (through cortex)
  • RF contains network that uses monoamine neurotransmitters = descending monoamine fibers comprise an emotional motor system that mediates expression of emotion
30
Q

Purpose of Proprioception

A
  • provides awareness of position sense & Kinaesthesia
  • Produces coordinated reflexes of muscle tone & balance
  • Provides Peripheral feedback so that CNS can design & modify effective motor programs
31
Q

What lobe of the brain holds a map of your body?

A

Parietal
- R Parietal = holds map of whole body/ world
- L Parietal = holds map of R body / world only

32
Q

How many vestibular receptors/ sense organs are there?

A

5 in total.
** 2 Otolith organs
- Utricle & Saccule = Measure linear accelerations/ movement

*** 3 semicircular canals
- Anterior, Posterior, horizontal = Measure rotational motion/ angular acceleration

33
Q

What direction of movement do vestibular otolith organs Utricle & Saccule Measure ?

A
  • Linear acceleration
    ** Saccule = up & down
    ** Utricle = fwd & back
34
Q

What direction of movement do vestibular organs Semi circular canals measure?

A
  • rotational movements/ accelerations
35
Q

What part of the vestibular system is responsible for transducing mechanical stimuli into neural signals?

A
  • Hair cells in each of the 5 vestibular receptor organs (utricle, saccule, semi circular canals x3)
  • Hair cells act as mechanoreceptors
36
Q

Which cranial Nerve carries vestibular info from vestibular receptor organs to the IPSILATERAL vestibular nuclei (4), cerebellum & reticular formation?

A
  • CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
37
Q

Watch: 2 min Neuro science video

A
  • Vestibular system

Neuro Paeds Dip (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions