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z year 1 principles others > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Name for fertilised egg up to week 8?

A

Embryo

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2
Q

Name for fertilised egg from week 9 onwards?

A

Foetus

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3
Q

Name the 6 stages of embryogenesis?

A

Gametogenesis, fertilisation, cleavage, gastrulation, morphogenesis and organogenesis

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4
Q

When does cleavage start and what 2 things happens?

A
  • Within 1-4 days
  • Cells divide to form a morula then blastocyst
  • Compaction occurs when cell junctions form and fluid supplies outer cells
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5
Q

Number of cells in a morula + blastocyst?

A

> 16 + > 100

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6
Q

Number of cell said to be totipotent in an embryo?

A

Up to 8

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7
Q

When does gastrulation occur and what happens?

A

Week 3 and germ layers form

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8
Q

Name the 3 germ layers?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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9
Q

What happens in morphogenesis + when does it occur?

A

Embryo folds from flat shape into a tube + week 4

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10
Q

What happens in organogensis?

A

Organs form

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11
Q

3 steps of sperm entering an egg?

A
  • Sperm binds to zona pellucida
  • Sperm releases acrosomal enzymes which allow sperm into egg and fusion
  • Egg releases cortical granules to prevent more sperm binding
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12
Q

Where does a blastocyst normally implant and what happens straight after implantation?

A

Upper dorsal uterus and hatching (sheds zona pellucida)

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13
Q

Name the outer layer of a blastocyst and its 2 sublayers?

A

Trophoblast and cytotrophoblast + synctiotrophoblast

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14
Q

Which blastocyst layer is the outermost and attaches to the uterine wall?

A

Synctiotrophoblast

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15
Q

Name the inner layers + associated surfaces of a blastocyst?

A

Epiblast (dorsal) and hypoblast (ventral)

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16
Q

What forms the amniotic cavity?

A

The epiblast

17
Q

What forms the yolk sac + definitive yolk sac?

A

The hypoblast

18
Q

What is the main cavity that surrounds the yolk sac + amniotic cavity and what does it grow inside?

A

The chorionic cavity + extraembryonic mesoderm

19
Q

By what day is implantation complete?

A

9

20
Q

By what day does the definitive yolk sac start to form?

A

13

21
Q

Layer that the chorionic cavity forms under the cytotrophoblast?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

22
Q

2 structures that form on the epiblast by week 2 + function?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane (forms mouth) + primitive streak (needed for gastrulation/germ layer formation)

23
Q

How do the germ layers arise?

A
  • Cells move down via primitive streak
  • Replace hypoblast with endoderm
  • Replace epiblast with ectoderm
  • Mesoderm is the middle layer
24
Q

Ectoderm becomes the?

A

Skin + nervous system

25
Q

Mesoderm becomes the?

A

Tissues e.g. bone, muscle

26
Q

Endodoerm becomes the?

A

Lining of the GI, resp and urinary tract

27
Q

Lateral folding forms what 2 things?

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavity

28
Q

Cranial folding does what 2 things?

A

Forms the foregut + moves heart tube into thoracic cavity

29
Q

Caudal folding forms what 3 things?

A

Hindgut, anus and umbilical cord

30
Q

What is epigenetic control?

A

Preferential expression of either the maternal or paternal copy of a gene

31
Q

Type of junction that form during compaction + function?

A

Gap junctions + allows fluid to reach outer cells in the morula/blastocyst

32
Q

Order of 3 folding movements?

A

Lateral, cranial and caudal

33
Q

What week during development has the highest risk of inducing a birth defect?

A

Week 5

34
Q

What organ is the most common to be affected by birth defects?

A

The heart

35
Q

What makes up the Tetralogy of Fallot + associated condition?

A

Pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta and VSD + DiGeorge syndrome

z year 1 principles others (10 decks)

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