Chapter 7

Question 1

conflict theory

Answer 1

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

Question 2

control theory

Answer 2

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

Question 3

corporate crime

Answer 3

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Question 4

corrections system

Answer 4

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

Question 5

court

Answer 5

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

Question 6

crime

Answer 6

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Question 7

criminal justice system

Answer 7

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

Question 8

cultural deviance theory

Answer 8

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

Question 9

deviance

Answer 9

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Question 10

differential association theory

Answer 10

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

Question 11

formal sanctions

Answer 11

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

Question 12

hate crimes

Answer 12

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

Question 13

informal sanctions

Answer 13

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

Question 14

labeling theory

Answer 14

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

Question 15

legal codes

Answer 15

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

Question 16

master status

Answer 16

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

Question 17

negative sanctions

Answer 17

punishments for violating norms

Question 18

nonviolent crimes

Answer 18

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

Question 19

police

Answer 19

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

Question 20

positive sanctions

Answer 20

rewards given for conforming to norms

Question 21

power elite

Answer 21

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

Question 22

primary deviance

Answer 22

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Question 23

sanctions

Answer 23

the means of enforcing rules

Question 24

secondary deviance

Answer 24

deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Question 25

self-report study

Answer 25

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

Question 26

social control

Answer 26

the regulation and enforcement of norms

Question 27

social disorganization theory

Answer 27

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

Question 28

social order

Answer 28

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

Question 29

strain theory

Answer 29

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Question 30

street crime

Answer 30

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

Question 31

victimless crime

Answer 31

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

Question 32

violent crimes

Answer 32

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force