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Biological Psychology > NT theory, Drugs, Scans, Rain, Brendgen > Flashcards

NT theory, Drugs, Scans, Rain, Brendgen Flashcards

1
Q

define a dendrite

A

top end of a nuron
receives messages

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2
Q

what’s an axon

A

there main long part of the neuron that transports messages

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3
Q

what’s a terminal button

A

the end of the neuron that passes on the message

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4
Q

order of neurone transmitting

A

-dendrite receives message
-travels down the axon
-changes into chemical message
-neuro transmigres are released into the synapse and diffuse across
-binds with the receptor on post synaptic neuron
- neuro transmiter is reabsorbed into pre synaptic neuron

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5
Q

how does dopamine affect behaviour

A

Increase in dopamine is an increase in aggressive behaviour

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6
Q

whats a study to suport dopamines affect

A

Ferrari 2003
Rats fought for 10 days on 11th day dopamine was much higher than on first day

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7
Q

how does serotonin affect our behaviour

A

Low levels of serotonin are linked to impulsivity and aggression

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8
Q

What is a study to support serotonins affect on us

A

Raleigh 1991
Monkeys fed high levels of tryptophan (serotonin) were less aggressive and on low levels were more aggressive

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9
Q

evaluating neurotransmitter theory
what points can we make

A

deterministic- can’t control levels in brain
reductionist- ignores social factors/individual differences
Useful- for doctors and criminal systems
methodology of studies- animals not generalisable
and un-ethical

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10
Q

how does canabis affect neurones

A

Refractory period in neuron is stopped so constant firing of neurotransmitters

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11
Q

how long does snorting v smocking crack take to kick in

A

10m 8sec

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12
Q

what does crack do to your neurone

A

blocks dopamine readsorbtion

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13
Q

what happens when crack where’s off

A

body under produces dopamine cos it has felt like there had been a huge over production, to make up for it
so you feel like shit

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14
Q

what are the affects of alcohol

A

increases GABA
Reduce cognativ ability

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15
Q

explain how a CAT scan works

A

-uses x-rays to take multiple pictures of the brain
-produces lots of pictures of the brain
- so can be used to detect tumours

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16
Q

what are some negatives of CAT scans

A

-they don’t give info on how the brain works
-use radiation
-so they can’t be used by pregnant women

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17
Q

what are some positives of CAT scans

A

-quick to conduct
-accurate detail of brain structure
-surgeons can know the lay out of the brain before they start sugary

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18
Q

what does PET stand for

A

Positron emission tomography

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19
Q

how does a PET scan work

A

-inject with small amounts of FDG which will attach itself to glucose in the blood
-brain will break down FDG when the blood passes through releasing radiation that computer picks up
-when there is no radiation picked up there is no activity

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20
Q

what is a negative of PET scans

A

invasive needle

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21
Q

what are some positives of PET scans

A

low levels of radiation so minimal risk

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22
Q

what does FMRI stand for

A

Functional magnetic resonance imagery

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23
Q

how does FRMI work

A

hemoglobin in the blood carrying oxygen that repels the magnetic field

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24
Q

pros of FMRI

A

no radiation
not invasiv

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25
Q

cons of FMRI

A

magnetic field so no metallic implants
claustrophobia

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26
Q

what date did Raine et all take place

A

1997

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27
Q

what was Raine’s aim

A

to investigate brain abnormalities of murderers who pleaded NGRI, through the use of PET scans, compared to non murderers

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28
Q

what was Raine’s sample

A

-41-murderers
-41-non murderers
-39m/2f
-no people with drug addiction

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29
Q

how many people in rains study suffered from brain injurys

A

23

30
Q

how many people in rains study suffered from epilepsy

A

2

31
Q

how many people in rains study suffered from schizophrenia

A

6

32
Q

what is the procedure of Rain’s study

A

-medication free for 2 weeks
-groups matched on age and gender
-pps exclude if they had drug issues or large trauma
-given conscious performance tasks (CPT) to practice for 10 mins
-injected with FDG and had PET scans done whilst performing CP tasks for 32 mins
-looked at the metabolic rate of brain areas to assess activity

33
Q

what was Rain’s hypothesis

A

murderers would have a lower metabolic rate in decision making parts of the brain and also in behaviour parts

34
Q

what did Rain find

A

-low activity in prefrontal cortex of murderers
-how activity in corpus colosseum
-high in right thalamus and low in left

35
Q

what where the conclusions of Rain

A

criminals are not responsible for their actions as they have significant brain different that make the behave in different ways

36
Q

evaluate the generalise-ability of Rain

A

-41 is a good sample for a brain study
-andosentric but 39:2 is representative of murderers
-culture bias- California

37
Q

evaluate the reliability of Rain

A

-standard procedures- pet scan and times and off medication for two weeks
-suporting studdy (Pardin) found the same thing
-quantatativ data

38
Q

evaluate applicability of Rain

A

-can help with understanding criminals
-proves brain structure theory

39
Q

evaluate validity of Rain

A

-the CPT tasks lack mundane realism
-controls extrenuas variable

40
Q

evaluate the ethics of Rain

A

-could they consent even with their brain damage
-taken of medication could be harmful
-social sensitive data-people could be tabled as dangerous from birth even if they never doing anything wrong just because of how their brain is made up

41
Q

how many eggs are in diozigotic twins

A

2

42
Q

how many eggs are in monozygotic twins

A

1

43
Q

what is the schizophrenia concordance rate between DZ twins

A

58%

44
Q

what is the schizophrenia concordance rate between MZ twins

A

12%

45
Q

what where Brendgen’s 3 aims

A

-see if social aggression could be caused by genes or the environment
-you’ve social aggression shared the same cause as physical aggression
-to see if one type of aggression leads to another

46
Q

what was the sample of brengaden

A

234 Canadian twin pairs
44 MZ men
50 MZ women
41 DZ men
32 DZ women
67 mixed sex twins

47
Q

what where the two data ratings in brengaden about

A

Behaviour

48
Q

what’s an example of the physical agretion statement that teachers had to say if they agreed to in brengaden

A

to what extent does the child get into fights

49
Q

what’s an example of the social agretion statement used in brengaden

A

to what extent does the child try to get others to dislike a child

50
Q

what was the teachers rating scale in brengaden

A

0- never
1-sometimes
2-often

51
Q

when where the ratings gathered in each year (brengaden)

A

spring term

52
Q

what was the age rang in the brengaden study

A

5 months to 6 years

53
Q

what where peers asked in brengaden to assess physical aggression

A

circle pictures of children hit others

54
Q

what where peers asked to assess social aggression in brengaden

A

Circle pictures of children that tells mean secrets

55
Q

describe the procedure of brengaden answer plan

A

-3 aims
-sample
-ages they where assed at
-rating for the teachers
-rating for peers
-examples of each statement

56
Q

what was the correlation between teacher ratings of social and physical aggression in brengaden

A

moderate correlation

57
Q

what suggested that physical aggression is genetic in brengaden

A

the MZ correlation where twice that of the same sex DZ correlation in physical aggression

58
Q

MZ correlation and DZ correlation for social aggression where similar this suggests that it is less linked to genetics in brengaden
why does it mean this ?

A

if it where genetic then you would expect the correlation to be higher in MZ twins as they share for genetics

59
Q

what was the physical conclusion in brengaden

A

50-60 % of physical aggression can be linked to genetics as the correlation was slightly higher in MZ twins

60
Q

what was the social conclusion in brengaden

A

Jeans only seem to account for about 20% of social aggression

61
Q

Social aggression aggression and physical aggression nature or nurture

A

Physical aggression is nature social aggression is mostly nurture

62
Q

what was the result of aim 1

A

it showed what social aggression was more caused by, the environment

63
Q

what was the result of aim 2

A

they don’t share the same the same cause physical aggression is caused by nature and social nurture

64
Q

what was the result of aim 3

A

if you are physically aggressive you are more likely to be socially aggression but not nesaseraly visa versa

65
Q

why could the age of the pps have been a problem when it comes to social aggression
write out answer

A

the pps only went up to 6 years but we develope an understanding of social norms and rules at about 7 or 8, according to fraud, so the children in the study have less of a capacity to display physical aggression so the coronations and results are only applicable to that age group

66
Q

evaluate generalise ability in brendgen

A

-234 is a good sample size
-cultur bias, canada
-age bias, increased stress from starting school could have an affect on aggression

67
Q

evaluate reliability in brendgen

A

-standardised, same questions to all teachers and peers
-standardised answering methods, likert scale and circling
-interrater reliability was good between kids and teachers

68
Q

evaluate applicability in brendgen

A

-it shows us that social aggression is easer to influence as it is less about genetics
-if a kid is physically aggressive then it is and indicator that they may be more socially aggressive late on so can try and change behaviour early

69
Q

evaluate validity in brendgen

A
  • done in the spring term so removes EV like unfamiliarity
  • the kids didn’t know they where being watched and it was done in a natural setting so it has good ecological validity
    -interator reliability was good this shows a lack of bias in the proses
    -extrenuas variables imposible to mesure over 234 different pps
70
Q

evaluate ethics in brendgen

A

Encouraging kids to judge others negatively could have negative affects after the study such as kids seeing others in a bad way which they had not thought about until prompted by experimenters

Biological Psychology (8 decks)

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