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Anatomy I > Lecture 21: Thorax IV, Heart Development > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Thorax IV, Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lub sound

A

closure of AV valves

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2
Q

what is the dub sound

A

closure of semilunar valves

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3
Q

what heart valves are auscultated on left side (3)

A

-aortic
-pulmonary
-mitral/left atrioventricular

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4
Q

what heart valve is auscultated on right side

A

tricuspid/right atrioventricular

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5
Q

where does heart tube/cardiogenic region develop from

A

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

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6
Q

craniocaudal folding: moving head into thorax

A

-ectoderm and endoderm fold at ends (cranial and caudal ends fold towards each other)
-mesoderm is pulled caudally, now in neck area
-embryo continues folding until cardiogenic region in chest cavity
-heart tubes get pulled into pericardial cavity, they fuse
-

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7
Q

how does heart primordium move ventrally (body folding)

A

pericardial cavity, heart tube and septum transversum move caudally until pericardial cavity is ventral to heart tube
-all these will be ventral to developing foregut

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8
Q

what is the septum transversum

A

precursor to part of diaphragm (caudal to heart)

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9
Q

where does the diaphragm migrate

A

from cervical to thoracic position because of differential growth of embryo

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10
Q

formation of phrenic nerve

A

from axons of ventral rami from cervical spinal cord levels C5-7

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11
Q

C7, C6, C5 keep the diaphragm alive

A

because the phrenic nerve arises in the neck from C5, C6 and C7

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12
Q

steps of embryological development (general)

A

-lateral folding to form heart tube
-cardiac looping
-restructure venous system
-septation
-closing of shunts

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13
Q

lateral body folding to move/form endocardial heart tubes

A

-lateral folding brings 2 endocardial tubes together
-myoblasts give rise to myocardium
-endocardial tubes fuse into 1
-heart tube surrounded by myocardium
-myocardium secretes cardiac jelly

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14
Q

what does cardiac jelly turn into

A

endocardial connective tissue

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15
Q

what are the primary outflow of oxygen poor blood from the fetus

A

dorsal aortae

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16
Q

early vessel development and blood flow

A

-blood received at caudal pole of heart tube at sinus venosus
-blood delivered from cranial end of heart tube and passes through aortic arches and sac

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17
Q

function of sinus venosus

A

receive blood

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18
Q

location of sinus venosus

A

cranial to heart tube (right next to it)

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19
Q

structures of heart tube from cranial to caudal (9)

A

-outflow tracts = dorsal aortae/aortic roots
-aortic sac
-truncus arteriosis
-bulbus cordis
-bulboventricular sulcus
-primitive ventricle
-atrioventricular sulcus
-primitive atria
-sinus venosus

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20
Q

primitive ventricle will become

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

truncus arteriosis and conis cordis will become (2)

A

pulmonary arteries/trunk and aortic arch

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22
Q

bulbus cordis will become (3)

A

right ventricle
right and left outflow tracts (left outflow from left ventricle, right outflow from right ventricle)

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23
Q

primitive atria will become (2)

A

right and left atria

24
Q

sinus venosis will become (3)

A

common cardinal veins
umbilical veins
vitelline veins

25
Q

when does cardiac looping occur

A

after formation of heart tube

26
Q

where does cardiac looping occur

A

inside pericardial cavity

27
Q

cardiac looping: steps

A

-bulbus cordis shifts cranially, ventrally and to the right
-primitive ventricle shifts to the right (towards midline)
-primitive atria move caudally, dorsally, to the left (backwards and then upwards, pushed back behind)
-formation of interventricular sulcus with ventricle separation starting
-conus cordis forms distal outflow tracts for right and left ventricles

28
Q

result of cardiac looping

A

-displace neighboring structures

29
Q

restructuring of venous system

A

-veins on left horn of sinus venosis break down
-left horn becomes coronary sinus
-right horn gets bigger and becomes smooth part of right atrium

30
Q

right common cardinal vein will become

A

cranial vena cava

31
Q

right vitelline vein will become

A

caudal vena cava

32
Q

function of inflow tracts

A

take blood and empty into right atrium

33
Q

what 3 veins are located on the left and right horns of the sinus venosus (lateral to medial)

A

common cardinal vein
umbilical vein
vitelline vein

34
Q

what happens to the umbilical vein

A

distintegrates

35
Q

primitive blood flow

A

common atrium –> AV canal –> primitive left ventricle –> interventricular foramen –> right ventricle –> out through bulbus cordis (conis cordis and truncus arteriosis)

36
Q

where do pulmonary veins sprout off of

A

left part of primitive atrium

37
Q

primordial part of left atrium is what

A

left auricle

38
Q

4 septation processes

A

-atrioventricular
-atrial septation
-ventricular septation
-articopulmonary septation

39
Q

1st septation to occur

A

atrioventricular

40
Q

atrioventricular septation: process

A

-endocardial cushions develop between atrium and ventricle
-cushions grow towards each other from each side
-fusion divides AV canal into right and left parts

41
Q

what is the structure formed when endocardial cushions fuse (hint: wall)

A

septum intermedium

42
Q

product of atrioventricular septation

A

separate left and right sides of heart
-create right AV canal and left AV canal

43
Q

function of septum intermedium

A

separate primitive atria and primitive ventricle

44
Q

what do ventricles/heart do during cushion fusion

A

heart realigns so both ventricles line up with truncus arteriosis

45
Q

purpose of atrial septation

A

separate right and left atria

46
Q

atrial septation: process

A

-septum primum grows between primitive atria roof
-grows down toward endocardial cushions but is stopped before reaching which creates a space = foramen primum
-foramen primum forms a shunt to bypass the right ventricle
-perforations appear in septum primum to form forman secundum as foramen primum closes due to growth of septum primum
-septum secundum begins to grow to close foramen secundum

47
Q

foramen ovale: definition and importance

A

space remaining between septum secundum and formen secundum
-where blood bypasses right atrium into left atrium (no lungs)

48
Q

ventricular septation: function

A

separate bulbus cordis (part of the right ventricle) and primitive ventricle (left ventricle)

49
Q

ventricular septation: process

A

-muscular interventricular septum arises from floor of primitive ventricle
-doesn’t fuse with endocardial cushions
-incomplete fusion leaves gap = interventricular foramen

50
Q

aorticopulmonary septation: result

A

divide pulmonary trunk from aorta

51
Q

aorticopulmonary septation: process

A

-AP septum spirals so aorta and pulmonary trunk twist around each other
-pulmonary outflow = right ventricle
aortic outflow = left ventricle

52
Q

3 shunts that bypass liver and lungs during fetal circulation

A

-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosis
-ductus venosus

53
Q

formane ovale: shunt

A

from right atrium to left atrium to bypass right ventricle

54
Q

adult remnant of foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

55
Q

ductus arteriosis

A

shunt from pulmonary trunk to aorta to bypass lungs

56
Q

adult remnant of ductus arteriosis

A

ligamentum arteriosum

57
Q

how does foramen ovale close

A

pressure changes as a result of ductus arteriosus closing
pushes septum primum against septum secundum to close off foramen ovale

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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