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endocrine system > Structural & Functional Orginization of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Structural & Functional Orginization of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major glands of the endocrine system

A

Thyroid

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Parathyroid

Ovaries & Testes

Pancreas

Pineal Gland

Adrenals

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2
Q

what is a specific cell with a specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones

A

Target cells

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3
Q

how many receptors will a target cell have for a particular hormone

A

2,000 to 100,000

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4
Q

hormones are divided into what to what two categories

A

lipid soluble

water soluble

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5
Q

what are the lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroid hormones

thyroid hormones

Nitric Oxide

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6
Q

what are the water soluble hormones

A

Amino Acids

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7
Q

Amino Acids are subdivided into what two categories

A

Short chain

Long Chain

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8
Q

what are the short chain water soluble amino acids

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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9
Q

what are the long chain water soluble amino acids

A

insulin

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10
Q

how do hormones influence their target cells

A

chemically binding to specific protein receptors

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11
Q

what part of the brain controls the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A

9

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13
Q

how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete

A

7

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14
Q

what is the master gland of the body

A

pituitary gland

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15
Q

what stalk like structure attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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16
Q

within the infundubulum what are the blood vessels that connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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17
Q

what are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

GNRH - Gonadotropin releasing hormone

GHRH - Growth Hormone releasing hormone

GHIH - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

TRH - Thyroid releasing hormone

PRH - prolactin releasing hormone

PIH - Prolactin inhibiting hormone

CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone

ADH - Corticotropin releasing hormone

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18
Q

the pituitary gland is the size of a small grape and has how many lobes

A

2

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19
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

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20
Q

both lobes of the pituitary rest where

A

hypophyseal fossa

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21
Q

the hypophseal fossa is a cup shaped depression in what bone

A

sphenoid bone

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22
Q

what hormone stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones

A

Tropic hormones

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23
Q

IGF are mainly secreted by what

A

liver

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24
Q

hGH stimulates protine synthesis to help maintain and promote what

A

maintain muscle and bone mass

promote healing and tissue repair

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25
Q

hGH concentration in the blood is maintained by what type of feedback loop

A

negative

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26
Q

what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

hGH

TSH

FSH

LH

PRL

ACTH

MSH

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27
Q

the posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize but stores what two hormones

A

Ocytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone 0

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28
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland

A

run basal metabolic rate

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29
Q

the thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland located where

A

below the larynx

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30
Q

the thyroid is composed of left and right lobes on either side of what

A

trachea

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31
Q

what are the spherical sacs that make up most oft he thyroid gland called

A

thyroid follicles

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32
Q

the wall of each follicle consist of cells called follicular cells which produce what 2 thyroid hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothronine (T3)

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33
Q

what increases basal metabolic rate

A

thyroid hormones

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34
Q

what hormones play an important roll in maintenance in normal body temp

A

thyroid hormones

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35
Q

Calcitonin is produced by what cells of the thyroid gland

A

parafollicular

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36
Q

what hormone decreases the level if calcium in the blood by inhibiting the actions of osteroclasts

A

Calcitonin

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37
Q

what are small round masses of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

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38
Q

within the parathyroid glands are secetory cells called chif cells that release what

A

patathyroid hormone (PTH)

39
Q

PTH is a major regulator of what blood level elements

A

calcium

Magnesium

phosphate

40
Q

what functions does the pancreas have

A

endoctine and exocrine

41
Q

the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of cluster of cells called what

A

pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans

42
Q

alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what hormone

A

glucagon

43
Q

beta cells secrete what hormone

A

insulin

44
Q

alpha cells that secrete the hormone glucagon are stimulated by what division of the ANS

A

Sympathetic

45
Q

Beta cells that secrete the hormone insulin are stimulated by what division of the ANS

A

parasympathetic

46
Q

what is the main action of glucagon

A

increase blood glucose

47
Q

the main action of insulin

A

lower blood glucose

48
Q

level of blood glucose controls secretion of glucagon and insulin via what feedback loop

A

negative

49
Q

insulin promotes the uptake of amino acids into the body cells which increases the synthesis of what

A

protein and fatty acid

50
Q

there are two adrenal glands that lay atop of what

A

kidney

51
Q

what are the regions of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

52
Q

the adrenal cortex consist of what 3 zones

A

zona glmerulosa (outer zone)

zona fasciculata (middle zone)

Zona reticularis (inner zone)

53
Q

Zona glerulosa releases hormones called what

A

mineral corticoids

54
Q

what part of the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa (outer zone)

55
Q

the zona fasciculata (middle zone) releases hormones called what

A

glucocorticoids

56
Q

what part of the adrenal cortex releases cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata (middle zone)

57
Q

the zona reticularis (inner zone) releases what hormone

A

androgens (male/female sex hormones)

58
Q

the adrenal medulla consist of what type of cells

A

sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS

59
Q

sympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS in the adrenal medulla secret specialized hormones called what

A

catecholamines

60
Q

what are the catecholamines hormones released by the ympathetic postganglionic cells of the ANS in the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

61
Q

aldosetrone does what to Sodium and potassium and blood pressure

A

increase reabsorption of sodium from urine into blood

stimulates excretion of potassium into urine

adjust BP and volume and excretion of hydrogen in urine

62
Q

secretion of aldosterone happens in what pathway

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

63
Q

what are conditions that initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A

dehydration

Sodium deficiency

hemorrhage

( overall Low BP)

64
Q

lower bp pressure stimulates what organ to secrete the enzyme renin

A

kidney

65
Q

enzyme renin reaction in the blood promotes the production of what

A

angiotensin I

66
Q

what converts inactive angiotensin I into the active hormone angiotensis II

A

Angiotensin covering enzyme

67
Q

what secretes the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

A

angiotensin II

68
Q

what is the most abundant glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

69
Q

what are the actions of glucocorticoids

A

protine breakdown

glucose formation

breakdown of triglycerides

anti innflammatory effects

depression of immune response

70
Q

a low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete what

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

71
Q

a low blood level of cortisol stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates

A

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

72
Q

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulates cell of the adrenal cortex to secrete what

A

cortisol

73
Q

what two hormones augment the flight or flight response

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

74
Q

what helps the body resist stress

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

75
Q

the testes produce inhibin via what cells

A

sertoli cells

76
Q

where is the pineal gland attached to

A

rood of the third ventricle of the brain, midline

77
Q

what hormone is released by the pineal gland that sets the circadian clock

A

melatonin

78
Q

as the endocrine system ages and human growth hormone decreases causing

A

muscle atrophy

79
Q

as the endocrine system ages and thyroid hormones (T3, T4, Calcitonin) decreases causing what

A

decrease in metabolic rate

increase body fat

hypothyroidism

80
Q

as the endocrine system ages parathyroid rises causes

A

fall in calcitonin decrease loss in bone mass (osteoporosis)

81
Q

as the endocrine system ages and insulin is released more slowly in causes

A

blood glucose levels to increase faster

82
Q

as the endocrine system ages and estrogen decreases cause

A

ovaries to decrease in size

no longer respond to gonadotropins

83
Q

any stimulus that produces a stress response

A

stressor

84
Q

what is a sequence of bodily changes that can progress through stages

A

stress response

85
Q

what happens in the first stage of stress response

A

initial flight or flight response

86
Q

what happens in the second stage of stress response

A

slower resistance reaction

87
Q

the initial flight response initiated by sympathetic ANS brings huge amounts of what

A

glucose

oxygen

88
Q

the initial stress response initiated by sympathetic ANS reduces the blood flow to the kidneys which promotes what

A

release of Rennin

89
Q

the second stage of the stress response is initiated by what and causes what type of response

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone causes longer lasting response

90
Q

what hormones are involved in the resistance reaction to stress response

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

growth hormone releasing hormone (GNRH)

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

91
Q

what are the 3 stages of stress response

A

flight-or-flight response

resistance reaction

exhaustion

92
Q

what stage is described as the resistance stage failing to combat stress

A

exhaustion

93
Q

prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other resistance hormones cause what

A

wasting of muscles

supression of the immune system

ulceration of the GI tract

failure of pancreatic beta cells

pathologic changes

endocrine system (3 decks)

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