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General Biology I > 6+7 - The Cell > Flashcards

6+7 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells differentiate in size?

A

all the same size

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2
Q

What are microvilli? What is their function?

A

Microvilli = Cells making up the lining of our small intestines have small extensions on their plasma membranes.
- This increases the cell surface area aiding in their primary function of absorption of digested nutrients.

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3
Q

What are the 3 eukaryotic cell components?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. cytoplasm
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4
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Semi-permeable membrane separating the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment

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5
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Aids in homeostasis by controlling passage of substances into and out of the cell

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6
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids self-orient into double layer as the hydrophobic tails attract one another

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7
Q

What is dispersed amongst the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

membrane proteins

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8
Q

What are the 2 main components of the plasma membrane?

A

1) phospholipids
2) proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of phospholipids within the plasma membrane?

A

make plasma membrane pliable so cells do not break when we move

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10
Q

What is the nucleus and its function?

A

Large organelle housing the DNA of the cell (chromatin) enclosed by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)

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11
Q

What is the nucleolus and its function?

A
  • Darker region within the nucleus
  • Function is to make ribosomes
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12
Q

What defines wether or not something is considered an organelle?

A

if it is enclosed in membrane

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13
Q

What 2 forms can DNA exist in?

A
  1. Chromatin – loose strands
  2. Chromosomes – DNA that is condensed at the start of cell divisions
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14
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Included the fluid (cytosol) and all of the organelles that exist outside the nucleus that are enclosed by the plasma membrane

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15
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm?

A

A. RIBOSOMES
B. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
C. ENERGY TRANSFORMING ORGANELLES
D. PEROXISOMES
E. CYTOSKELETON

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16
Q

Why do phospholipids membranes pinch off?

A

to form a vesicle and then fuse with another for the transportation of materials from one organelle to another or for release of cell products outside of the cell

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17
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum and why is it called rough?

A

highly folded membranous organelle that surrounds the nucleus
called rough because its surface is studded with ribosomes

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18
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Make and process protein that will be exported out the cell
  2. Make plasma membrane components (phospholipids and proteins)
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19
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Why is it called smooth?

A
  • Continues out from the rough ER
    smooth - ot studded with ribosomes
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20
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Synthesize lipids
  2. Detoxification of drugs and poisons
  3. Storage of calcium ions
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21
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

highly folded membranous organelle that receives proteins and lipids from the ER via transport vesicles

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22
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Modifies and stores proteins and lipids until needed
  • Send them out in transport vesicles to be used by the cell or to be exported from the cell
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23
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Organelles containing digestive enzymes (hydrolases) for breaking down macromolecules and damaged organelles within cells
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24
Q

What processes are lysosomes involved in?

A

autophagy and phagocytosis

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25
Q

What is autophagy?

A
  • Destruction of dysfunctional cell components and cell debris
  • Molecular components released from the process can be reused by the cell to make new structures
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26
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A
  • Cell engulfs a food particle or parasitic cell forming a vesicle/vacuole
  • In the case of white blood cells in our bodies
  • Vesicle fuses with a lysosome and is digested within a cell
27
Q

What are the 3 main different types of vacuoles and the functions they each perform?

A
  1. food vacuoles
    - formed by phagocytosis
  2. contractile vacuoles
    - highly specialized to pump out excess water from certain eukaryotic organisms
  3. central vacuoles
    - common feature of mature plant cells
    - holds water and ions
    - aids in plant growth by increasing cell size
28
Q

Summarize the endomembrane system.

A
  1. nuclear envelope is connected to the rough ER which is continuous with the smooth ER
  2. proteins and plasma membrane components produced by the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles
  3. in the Golgi apparatus they are processed and stored. Upon demand, products are repackaged into transport vesicles
  4. transport vesicles containing digestive enzymes remain in the cytosol and function as lysosomes while other travel to the plasma membrane where contents (proteins or lipids) will be incorporated into the plasma membrane or exported from the cell
29
Q

Why must living organisms transform the energy they get from their surroundings?

A

must be in a form that their cells can use to do work

30
Q

What 2 organelles perform the function of transforming energy from surrounding into usable energy?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

31
Q

What are properties of the mitochondria’s membrane?

A

double membrane with smooth outer membrane and convoluted inner membrane

32
Q

In what type of cells is the mitochondria found?

A

eukaryotic (including plants)

33
Q

What is the main function of mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration - harvest bond energy from glucose or other metabolites (fatty acids, amino acids) and use it to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the cellular energy molecule

34
Q

In what type of cells are chloroplasts found?

A

plant cells and some protist cells only

35
Q

What do chloroplasts contain within the internal structure?

A

pigment chlorophyll

36
Q

What is the main function of chloroplast?

A

photosynthesis - Transform light energy into bond energy forming glucose molecules

37
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

have their own DNA and ribosomes

38
Q

What would you notice if you were to remove a mitochondrion or chloroplast from a eukaryotic cell?

A

you would see that they have many similarities with bacterial (prokaryotic) cells including a circular DNA molecule and their own ribosomes (structurally different from the ones found in the cytoplasm)

39
Q

What would you notice if you were to remove a mitochondrion or chloroplast from a eukaryotic cell?

A

you would see that they have many similarities with bacterial (prokaryotic) cells including a circular DNA molecule and their own ribosomes (structurally different from the ones found in the cytoplasm)

40
Q

What does the endosymbiont theory state?

A

an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a bacterial cell by phagocytosis and instead of bacterium being digested it remained intact within the eukaryotic cell

41
Q

What do peroxisomes contain and what is its function with the help of oxygen?

A

contain enzymes that with the help of oxygen breakdown cellular toxins and fatty acids to be used as fuel for cellular respiration

42
Q

What organ’s cells have many peroxisomes?

A

liver

43
Q

What are the 3 different types of protein fibres?

A

microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments make up cytoskeleton components in varying quantities

44
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Scaffolding that supports all organelles within the cell and aids in movement of substances inside the cell
  2. Make up the centrosome and spindle fibres involved in cell division
  3. Cilia and flagella; specialized cytoskeleton structures which are located on the exterior surface of the cells that aid in movement
45
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Network of protein fibers that help organize structures within the cell as well as help with movement

46
Q

What is the role of protein fibres in a cell

A

move organelles and vesicles from one place to another within the cell

47
Q

How do amoeba move through their environment?

A

cytoplasmic streaming (movement of cytoplasmic contents via cytoskeleton filaments) creating pseudopods that pull them along

48
Q

How do amoeba move through their environment?

A

cytoplasmic streaming (movement of cytoplasmic contents via cytoskeleton filaments) creating pseudopods that pull them along

49
Q

What are centrosomes, what are they made up of and what do they do?

A

The anchor point for the cytoskeleton.
Made up of a pair of centrioles (concentrations of microtubules).
Help direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

50
Q

How do cells move?

A

using extensions of the cytoskeleton outside of the cell’s surface

51
Q

What is the function of flagella and cilia?

A

mobility of cell and substances along tissue surface

52
Q

What is the difference between flagella and cilia?

A

Flagella: longer and whip like
Cilia: short and thin protrusions of the cytoskeleton

53
Q

What does the movement of cilia help with?

A

removes mucus and inhaled foreign debris out of our respiratory tract

54
Q

What are the 3 extracellular components that help the cell maintain its shape and provide a method of connecting and communicating with adjacent cells?

A

a. Plant cell walls
b. Extracellular matrix of animal cells
c. Cell junctions

55
Q

What are the 4 types of cell junctions? Which are found in plant cells and which are found in animal cells?

A
  • Plasmodesmata - plant
  • Tight junctions - animal
  • Desmosomes - animal
  • Gap junctions - animal
56
Q

What are the functions of the plant cell walls?

A

Protect the cell and allow plants to grow tall by providing structural support

57
Q

What are plant cells primarily made of?

A

cellulose

58
Q

What do animal cells have to compensate for the lack of a cell wall?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM) that lends support to the cell

59
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of animals made up of?

A

fluid or substances as dense as calcium phosphate (bone matrix). Often contains protein fibers of varying thickness (e.g. collagen) and carbohydrates

60
Q

Why are cell junctions needed?

A

Cell need to be connected to support the structure of tissue and allow rapid comminucation between cells

61
Q

What is the function of plasmodesmata?

A
  • Create channels between cells so cytoplasm can travel from one cell to another
  • Passage of nutrients, water and chemical messengers
62
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A
  • Form tight seal between cells so that there is no leakage within an organ
63
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A
  • Anchor cells together giving strength to tissues

General Biology I (8 decks)

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