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D1 BS1 + II/ FSI + II > BSI mod 2 > Flashcards

BSI mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

voluntary NS

A

ach, skeletal, nicotinic M cholinergic, myelinated

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2
Q

curare and gallamine

A

nicotinic M blocker. comp but non depolarizing,
- ach can be increased by anticholinesterase (phisostigmine)

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3
Q

succinylcholine

A

nicotininc M blick, irriversible, short lasting, depolarizing non comp, degraded by cholinesterase eventually
- patients must be ventillated

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4
Q

anticholinesterase

A

neostigmine
- increase ACH everywhere. alzheimers, treat myasthenia gravis, muscle contraction since its agonist. reversible

  • could work for xerostomia but increases contraction so not best
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5
Q

novichok

A

irrversibly binds cholinesterase. increases ach. sludge (musccarinic agonist) increase parasymp and blocks NMJ
* atropine antidote but not for muscccle paralysis

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6
Q

parasymp

A

long pre gang, short post gang from sacral spine
- ach is pre and post
- nicotininc N and muscarinic

  • pupil small (myosis), bronchi, HR, sweat also down
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7
Q

symp

A

lumbar of spine is short pre gang, long post (many), pre NT is ach, post is NE, E, ACH
- nicotininc N

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8
Q

alzheimers

A

donepesil anticholinesterase
- glutamate too

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9
Q

atropine

A

muscarininc antagonist. dries mouth. pupil dialate (mydriasis), decrease sweating since less ach, increase HR, decrease bronchi, increase symp
** doesn’t block skeletal muscle

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10
Q

pilocarpine

A

muscarininc agonist. increase saliva for xerostomia. miosis, increase sweat and down hr, more poops

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11
Q

benadryl or scopolamine

A

muscarininc antagonist to stop motion sickness (stomach and ear). pass BBB. lower ACH, increase dopamine! antishistamine
- doesn’t work for opioids since doesn’t block dopa and serotonin too

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12
Q

alpha 1

A

everything tight on skin and mucous

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13
Q

prazoin (minipres)

A

block alpha 1 so vasodilate and bp (orthostatic hypotension)

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14
Q

phentolamine (oraverse)

A

nonselective block for alpha 1 and 2. tachycardia because of alpha 2. speeds up recovery and lip freeze

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15
Q

doxazosin, terazosin

A

block alpha 1. hypertension treatment (orthostatic problem)

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16
Q

tamsulosin (flomax)

A

alpha 1 selective. increase pee for prostate

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17
Q

alpha 2

A

DECREASES bp by stopping NE release

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18
Q

clondine (catapres)

A

stim alpha 2 so decrease Ne release and lower bp

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19
Q

beta 1

A

tight again. increase HR AND contraction force

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

agonist of alpha 2, b1 and 2. NOT in CNS from BBB. mixed with lidocaine. high HR but no hypertension for B2

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21
Q

propanolol (inderal)

A

block beta 1 and 2. slow HR. treat hypertension but blocks beta 2 so vasoconstriction

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22
Q

metoprolol

A

selectie beta 1 block so slow HE and contraction force

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23
Q

which 2 receptors are opposive

A

muscarinic M (para_) and Beta 1 (symp)

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24
Q

beta 2

A

bronchodilation. vasodilate muscle and organs.

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25
Q

albuterol (proventil)

A

agonist of beta 2. anti asthma NOT beta 1. no heart stim

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26
Q

atropine –> ipatropium (atrovennt)

A

also asthma. muscarinic antagonist so dry mouth.
* can’t pass BBB so no CNS or motion sickness blcik

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27
Q

l dopa synthesis

A
  • tyrosine to dopa to dopamine then norepi (add OH) then epi (add methyl)
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28
Q

stop L dopa breakdown

A

methyl transferase inhibitor

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29
Q

carbidopa

A

stops dopa conversion OUTSIDE brain (so not for parkinsons)

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30
Q

what locks dopamine reuptake

A

cocaine

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31
Q

how to treat depression

A

block MAO, block NE reupta)ke and serotonin (kinda like cocaine)

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32
Q

parkinsons treatment

A

inhibit L dopa breakdown in brain. block COMT (C for cranial)
- benadryl to stop muscarinic . l dopa to increase dopamine, benztropine to stop muscarinic

  • always HIGH muscarinic, low dopamine
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33
Q

nicotine

A

N and M agonist. increase dopamine

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34
Q

how to decrease BP

A
  • blcok alpha 1 (vasodilate), block beta 1 (HR), stimulate alpha 2 (stop NE release)
35
Q

ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

A
  • stimulate alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2
  • indirectly release NE
  • tachyphylaxis possible where nerve terminals desen
  • crosses BBB
  • can make meth!
36
Q

meth

A
  • for ADHD. when withdrawal, it causes sleep and low HR
37
Q

oxymetazoline (afrin)

A
  • nasal decongest
  • alpha 1 2 stim to increase BP
  • bradychardia (increase HR)
  • vasoconstrict
  • does the teeth numb thing with tetracaine (NOT for superior alveolar nerve)
38
Q

norepi

A
  • alpha 1 and beta 1 stimulator (not beta 2)
  • no bronchodilate so hypertension
39
Q

dopamine

A

stim beta 1
- stim vasodilation! high HR through heart stimulation?? but hypotension. no BBB

40
Q

isoproterenol (isuprel)

A

stim beta 1 and 2. anti asthma. BUT beta 1 increases HR and o2 demand

41
Q

haloperidol (haldol)

A

schizo treatment. blocks dopamine so cause parkinsons. also block alpha 1 so hypotension
- treat the extrapyramidal effects with benztropine

42
Q

benztropine

A

treat parkinsons. lowers ACH, increases dopa. block muscarinic

43
Q

active AP propagation

A

charges close together so lower resistance and higher current so faster

44
Q

ca channels, vescicles and speed

A

ca channels are close to vesicles so its fast 200 micro sec vs AP is mili sec
- ca rises from 100 nM to 100 micro M (1000x higher)

45
Q

3 ways to do synaptic drugs

A

transmitter production, release, clearance

46
Q

tetrodotoxin synaptic drug

A

stops synaptic transmission physically

47
Q

caffeine synaptic drug

A

alters transmitter release by competing with presyn

48
Q

cocaine and meth in synapse

A
  • stop reuptake of transmitter
49
Q

monoamine oxidase in synapse

A

blocks transmitter degredation

50
Q

neuropeptide Y and pain

A

in dental caries

51
Q

where does atp act in synapse

A

post synap

52
Q

spinal chord pain inhibition

A

works on AbC fibers. has opiods that stimulate presynp enkephalin to crease CA and NT.

53
Q

medulla and midbrain pain

A

diffuse control with PAG. nuclei send efferent signals to activate interneurons to mask pain with another thing

54
Q

descending supra spinal

A

placebo response. prefrontal cortex stim the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) via endorphine and then acc signals to midbrain and medulla. also PAG stimulates the spinal chord opiates

55
Q

sympathetially maintained pain

A

chronic pain. rewiring of nerves

56
Q

how does opioid pain work

A

use GPCR to increase K out, hyperpolarize mem. decrease ca in. stop adenylate cyclase to decrease camp and stop neuro activity
- also recruit b arrestin that internalize opioid receptor

57
Q

c fibers are how big

A

0.2 to 1.5 micro m

58
Q

chronic pain uses

A

gabapentinoids

59
Q

ageusia

A

loss of taste

60
Q

parosmia

A

altered perception of smell in bad odor

61
Q

salty and bitter receptors are calld

A

KIR2.1 and T2R38

62
Q

all taste GPCR pathway

A

activate phospholipase C of B2 (called PLCB2) using beta gamma receptor. membrane breaks off IP3, bind to ER increase Ca, then bind to TRP receptor to let Na in and calmodulin CALHM release atp to brain

63
Q

pathway of taste signal

A

mitral cells to olfactory bulb to hypothal then orbitofrontal cortex then hippocampus

64
Q

hypothal

A

does viscueral reactions. contains amygdala for memories

65
Q

piriform cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

A

where taste and smell converge to get flavor. also conscious perception of food

66
Q

hippocampus

A

does memories

67
Q

taste integration

A

all goes to nucleus of solitary tract via cranial nerves. does salivation then hypothalamus then to taste cortex via the VPMpc (ventral basal thalamus)

68
Q

chemesthesis receptors

A

TRP or transient receptor potential is the ion channel involved in trigger. VR1 is warm and spicy. TRPA is cold and mustard. TRPM8 is menthol and cold

69
Q

smell is done by

A

ciliated, bipolar neuron. cn1 sensed by olfactory bulb

70
Q

taste is done by

A

epi cells. CN 7,9,10. go to nuc of solitary tract

71
Q

gymnemic acid

A

blocks t2 and t3 using riterpenoid saponins

72
Q

Where is the first place in the brain where the olfaction and gustation systems integrate?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

73
Q

summary slide of how glucose gets into blood

A

first make na gradient using Na/K pump then use Na to get glucose in by secondary active transport. let glucose flow into blood by facilitated diffusion

74
Q

cl- ion nenrnst potential

A

even though its pore positive than inside of cell, cl- flows OUT

75
Q

how does cell NOT burst

A
  • ions inside that make a electro eq but not concentration eq. na k pump also since we loose +1 ion so water follows it out
76
Q

metabotropic ion channel pathway

A

stim g alpha, phospholipase c then IP3 goes to ER to release ca

77
Q

what marks synapse location on dendrites

A

psd-95

78
Q

bafilomycin

A

PPI of vH-atpase

79
Q

choloroquine

A

blocks na/k channel. causes fake long QT syndrome

80
Q

v1 unit in Vh-ATPAS

A

hydrolyses atp

81
Q

name biogenic amines

A

dopamine, epi, norepi
acetycholine
serotonin and histamine

82
Q

order of tongue

A

vagus innervates back of tongue
glossopharangeal does circumvallate and FOLIATE

83
Q

memorize equations

A

yes

D1 BS1 + II/ FSI + II (12 decks)

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