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Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Exam > Chapter 2 - Cell Structure, Cell Division, Transport Mechanisms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Structure, Cell Division, Transport Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

All living things are composed of, discovered by Robert Hooke in 17th century
Composed of organelles
Most basic unit of life because a cell divides to reproduce itself

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell

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3
Q

DNA

A

Formation of genetic information in cells

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything inside the plasma membrane, semi-solid substance
Fills space between plasma membrane and nucleus
Composed of organelles suspended in cytosol

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5
Q

Levels of organization

A

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Structure found inside a cell
Each performs a function necessary for a cell to survive and perform its duties

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7
Q

Tissues

A

Composed of identical cells
Four basic types in the body
Each type performs a specific function

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8
Q

Organs

A

Composed of two or more types of tissues
These work together to perform a specific function

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9
Q

Systems

A

Group of organs with related functions
Each system carries out one of the primary functions necessary to sustain life

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA
Pattern of building all proteins for the cell

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Membrane around nucleus
DNA cannot cross it

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Area in nucleus
Site of rRNA synthesis

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

Unwound DNA in nucleus

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14
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Opening in nuclear envelope
Allows mRNA out of nucleus

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Several different types
Internal scaffolding for cell

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Outer boundary of cell
Lipid layer
Regulates what enters or leaves cell

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of rRNA and proteins
Site of mRNA translation
Free ribosomes are in cytoplasm
Fixed ribosomes stud outside of RER

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18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Membranous organelle
Network of channels
Site of protein synthesis

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membranous organelle
Bean-shaped
Site of ATP synthesis

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20
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane-bound vesicles
Contains digestive enzymes

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21
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Membranous organelle
Forms tube-like structure
Site of lipid synthesis

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22
Q

Centriole

A

Paired organelle
Organizes spindle fibers during mitosis

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membranous organelle
Forms stack of plates
Proteins packaged for secretion

24
Q

Transport vehicle

A

Membrane-bound vesicle
Transports substances throughout the cell

25
Q

Life cycle of a cell

A

Cell carries out its functions, grows to its full size, replicates its DNA and organelles then divides to produce two identical daughter cells

26
Q

Mitosis

A

Division portion of the cell cycle
Ensure that each daughter cell receives the full and correct number of chromosomes from the parent
Equal division if DNA
Consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

27
Q

Interphase

A

Consists of G1, S, & G2 phases
Time during which cell is carrying out its functions and growing larger
Replicates DNA as it prepares to divide

28
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division if cytoplasm
Results in two equal cells
Physician division of cell following division of DNA
When complete, two identifiable daughter cells are formed
Each daughter cell enters interphase and behinds the process again

29
Q

Cell division

A

Consists of four the stages of mitosis and cytokineses
Time during which original cell produces two identifiable daughter cells

30
Q

First growth (G1) phase

A

Cells grows larger
Carries out cellular functions

31
Q

Synthesis (S) phase

A

DNA is replicated
Sister chromatids are formed
Organelles increase in number

32
Q

Second growth (G2) phase

A

Cells grows larger
Prepares to divide
Continues to carry out cellular functions

33
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Cytokineses
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

34
Q

Interphase (not a stage of mitosis)

A

Cell carries out its functions
DNA is diffuse and called chromatin
No chromosomes are visible
Cell replicates DNA and organelles as it prepares to enter mitosis

35
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis
Chromatic condenses into visible chromosomes called sister chromatids
Sister chromatids are the result of DNA replication, two or more identified chromosomes connected by a centromere
Nuclear envelope behinds to break down
Spindle fibers appear

36
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis
Nuclear envelope is gone
Centromere of each sister chromatid attaches to spindle fibers
Sister chromatids line up along equator of cell

37
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis
Sister chromatids separate at centromere to produce individual chromosomes
Chromosomes begin to migrate to the poles

38
Q

Telophase

A

Fourth stage of mitosis
Chromosomes reach poles
Spindle fibers disappear
Nuclei behind to reform

39
Q

What is the universal solvent for biological solutions

A

Water
Organisms are roughly 75-85% water

40
Q

What are some biological solutes that are dissolved in water

A

Sugars, proteins, electrolytes, and organic molecules

41
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of

A

Lipids causing it to be hydrophobic (hates water)
Becomes a selectively permeable barrier

42
Q

Diffusion

A

Substances cross the membrane
Area of high concentration to low concentration
Passive process (no energy)

43
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Molecules such as water, oxygen, steroid hormones are able to cross through the membrane freely

44
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules such as ions, glucose, and amino acid cannot move through independently
With the assistance of a channel or transport protein to cross the cell membrane

45
Q

Unequal distribution of solute molecules

A

Solute particles are close together
Frequently collide with each other
Collisions give kinetic energy to solute molecules, causing them to spread out and become evenly distributed

46
Q

Area of high concentration

A

Solute particles are close together
Frequently collide with each other

47
Q

Area of low concentration

A

Few solute molecules
Plenty of room for molecules to move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

48
Q

Equal distribution of solute molecules

A

After time and many collisions
Solute molecules have spread evenly throughout solution

49
Q

Osmosis

A

For it to occur there must be a selectively permeable membrane that is passable to the solvent (water in living bodies) but impassable to a solute
Water is freely passable and will diffuse from the side of lower solute concentration (hypotonic solution) toward the higher solute concentration (hypertonic solution) in attempt to reach equilibrium
If solution isotonic then there is no need for net movement

50
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Named for lower solute concentration
Hypo- means less than
Higher water (solvent) concentration
Net movement of water out of this side

51
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Named for higher solute concentration
Hyper- means greater than
Lower water (solvent) concentration
Net movement of water toward this side

52
Q

Isotonic solution

A

ISO- means the same
Equal solute and solvent concentration on birth sides of the selectively permeable membrane
Water molecules continue to cross the membrane, but no further net movement

53
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

Water, the solvent, freely passes through
Solute molecules cannot pass through

54
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure generated within a cell as water presses against the plasma membrane

55
Q

What will happen to blood in a isotonic solution

A

Equal solute concentration on both sides of the membrane
No concentration gradient
No net movement of water
No change in red blood cell (RBC) shape

56
Q

What will happen to blood in a hypotonic solution

A

Smaller solute concentration outside of membrane
Concentration gradient exists
Net flow of water into RBC
RBC swells and may lyse (potentially burst)

57
Q

What will happen to blood in a hypertonic solution

A

Greater solute concentration outside membrane
Concentration gradient exists
Net flow of water out of RBC
RBC crenates (shrinks)

Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Exam (3 decks)

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