Minerals

Question 1

96% of us is made up of

Answer 1

C 65
H 10
O 18
N 3

Question 2

Macro minerals =

Answer 2

Need more than 100 mg/day

Micro minerals is less than 100 mg/day

Question 3

What are electrolytes and examples

Answer 3

Inorganic ions in fluid compartments

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

Question 4

What do electrolytes do

Answer 4

Establish ion gradients
Maintain water balance
Neutralize + and - charges on molecules

Question 5

Structural components of bone and teeth

Answer 5

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 6

99% of calcium is where

Answer 6

Bone

Question 7

Blood calcium vs interstitial fluid vs cytosol

Answer 7

B: 2.5mM
IF: 1.5mM
C: .1microM

Question 8

Calcium roles Extracellularly

Answer 8

1. Structure/growth of bone and teeth
2. Clot blood (clot factor binds)
3. Second messenger
4. Affects electric excitability of membranes‼️
5. Hypocalcemia
   6: Hypercalcemia

Question 9

Hypocalcemia vs Hypercalcemia

Answer 9

Hypo: low calcium = muscle spasms, spontaneous contractions

Hyper: kidney stones, calcium precipitates

Question 10

Roels of calcium intracellularly

Answer 10

1. Secondary messenger
2. Enzyme activities
3. Regulation of metabolism‼️
   TCA
   pyruvate dehydrogenase
4. Secretory process

Question 11

Feedback mechanism of calcium

Answer 11

Low calcium
Leads to Parathyroid hormone release INCREASE
(This tells everyone to reabsorb calcium)
bone resorption
kidney calcium resorption
phosphate excretion
Leads to vitamin D synthesis INCREASE
s.i. Calcium absorption
reinforce PTH action

Question 12

Calcium deficiency due to

Answer 12

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 13

Calcium deficiency in kids vs adults

Answer 13

Kids: rickets

Adults: osteoporosis

Question 14

Macro mineral examples

Answer 14

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphate

Calcium is macro by definition but micro by function

Question 15

Iron is ____ and ____ dependent

Answer 15

Age and gender dependent

Question 16

Who needs more iron and when

Answer 16

Kids
Females
during periods
during pregnancy

Question 17

Heme iron vs non Heme iron absorption/transportation

Answer 17

Heme iron : through specific heme transporter

Non heme iron: through DMT1 and ferroportin

Question 18

Which side is DMT1 on vs ferroportin

Answer 18

DMT1 = apical side - fimbrae side

F = basolateral

Question 19

What controls Fe content in your body and how

Answer 19

Liver!
Inhibiting ferroportin

Question 20

Iron uptake in cells/tissues

Answer 20

1. Form iron-transferrin complex
2. Endocytos complex with DMT1
3. Now its an endosome
4. Throw some H+ in there to make it acidic
5. Fe will separate from transferrin
6. Fe can exit through DMT1
7. Transferrin goes back to surface

Question 21

Where is iron stored

Answer 21

Ferritin

Question 22

Basic structure of ferritin

Answer 22

Hollow sphere
24 peptides
Stores about 4500 fe3+

Question 23

Main role of iron

Answer 23

Transport o2 and co2
Iron-sulfur clusters and cytochromes
ETC
ATP synthesis

Question 24

Low iron levels vs high iron levels

Answer 24

Low: IRP binds IRE

High: IRP binds with iron

Question 25

What is systemic iron mainly regulated by

Answer 25

Absorption

Question 26

Iron overload disease

Answer 26

Hemochromatosis

Question 27

Hemochromatosis basics

Answer 27

Mutation in hepcidin gene causes
Failure to inhibit iron absorption

Question 28

One of the most common micronutrient deficiencies

Answer 28

Iron deficiency

Question 29

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 29

Small RBC
Light color
Low hemoglobin content

Question 30

Free ___ is highly toxic and insoluble in the presence of O2

Answer 30

Iron

Question 31

OH. Is _______ reactive
And
Attacks _______

Answer 31

Highly
Proteins, lipids, everything

Question 32

Don’t leave Fe2+ by itself because

Answer 32

It could create a hydroxyl radical!!!

Question 33

Where is dietary zinc absorbed

Answer 33

Small intestine

Question 34

Where is zinc stored

Answer 34

In metallothionine

Question 35

Metal lotion one induced by _____ to _____ heavy metal toxicity

Answer 35

Zinc, copper, cadmium, bismuth, arsenic

Reduce

Question 36

roles of zinc

Answer 36

Zinc metalloenzymes
alcohol dehydrogenase - detox
carbonic a hydrate
dna and rna polymerase
Zinc finger proteins
structure
transcriptional regulation

Question 37

Zinc deficiency in kids vs adults

Answer 37

Kids: poor growth, testicular atrophy

Adults: dermatitis, bad wound healing, hair loss
Lower taste acuity

Question 38

Acrodermatitis enteropathica from

Answer 38

Zinc deficiency
Recessive
Can’t absorb zinc

Question 39

Where is copper absorbed and where does it go

Answer 39

Small intestine
To portal vein
To liver
Binds to ceruloplasmin

Question 40

Roles of copper

Answer 40

Help iron absorb
if its low it could cause anemia

Question 41

Menkes syndrome cause and basics

Answer 41

Copper deficiency

X linked recessive
ATP dependent transporter deficiency

Die during first year of life

Question 42

Wilson disease cause and basics

Answer 42

Copper overload

Autosomal recessive
Cant excrete biliary
liver damage
brain degradation
gold/green ring in cornea

Question 43

What is iodine only for

Answer 43

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 44

Iodine deficiency =

Answer 44

Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
Irreversible brain impairment
Physical development

Big thyroid - goiter

Question 45

Chronically deficient in iron =

Answer 45

Disrupt thyroid function
overconsumption of added salt

Question 46

What is an enzyme cofactor for antioxidant defense

Answer 46

Selenium

Question 47

What is glutathione peroxidase

Answer 47

Turns h2o2 to h20

H2o2 is scaryyyyy cuz it could lead to oxidative damage

Question 48

Selenium deficiency

Answer 48

Heart failure
Liver disease
Cancer
Atherosclerosis
Hair loss
Skin changes
Infertility