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Gastrointestinal system 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the layers that make up the mucosal wall
A

a. Epithelial cells
b. Lamina propria
c. Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q
  1. What structures are found in the submucosal layer
A

a. Collagen
b. Elastin
c. Glands
d. Blood vessels

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3
Q
  1. What are the layers that make up the gut wall
A

a. Lamina propria
b. Mucosa
c. Muscularis mucosae
d. Submucosa
e. Muscularis externa
f. Serosa
g. Mesentery (not a layer but on top)

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4
Q
  1. What are the two main plexuses that contain the nervous system
A

a. Submucosal plexus
b. Mesenteric plexus

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5
Q
  1. Where are the ganglions of the enteric nervous system found
A

a. The plexuses

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6
Q
  1. What do the enteric neurones release
A

a. Cholinergic or peptidergic

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7
Q
  1. What are the different types of contractions in the GI tract
A

a. Phasic – periodical
b. Tonic – constant

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8
Q
  1. What are slow waves
A

a. Subthreshold membrane potentials that allow membrane to be set up for depolarization

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9
Q
  1. What are the 5 main sphincters
A

a. Upper oesophageal sphincter
b. Lower oesophageal sphincters
c. Pyloric sphincter
d. Ileocecal sphincter
e. Internal/external anal sphincters

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10
Q
  1. What muscles and nerves are involved in chewing
A

a. Mastication muscles
b. Innervated by the mandibular nerve of the cranial nerve 5 – trigeminal

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11
Q
  1. What are the three stages of swallowing
A

a. Oral
b. Pharyngeal
c. Oesophageal

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12
Q
  1. What occurs in the first stage of swallowing
A

a. Tongue forces bolus to back of mouth
b. Stimulates somatosensory neurons
c. Signals the medulla
d. Stimulates the pharyngeal stage

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13
Q
  1. What occurs in the second stage of swallowing
A

a. The pharyngeal stage
b. Soft palette up
c. Epiglottis covers sphincter
d. Food enters oesophagus
e. Upper epigeal sphincter relaxes
f. Breathing inhibited

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14
Q
  1. What is the oesophageal stage
A

a. Closes upper oesophageal sphincter
b. Initiation of primary peristaltic wave
c. Lower oesophageal sphincter opened by vegus nerve

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15
Q
  1. What are the 2 regions of the stomach
A

a. Orad region
b. Caudad region

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16
Q
  1. What are the 3 sections of the stomach
A

a. Fundus
b. Body
c. Antrum

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17
Q
  1. How does the stomach prevent back flow
A

a. Lower oesophageal sphincter and orad contract

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18
Q
  1. What is the term for the mixture in the stomach
A

a. Chyme

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19
Q
  1. Why does the orad relax
A

a. In anticipation of food
b. Reduces pressure in stomach to allow for a pressure gradient

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20
Q
  1. Why is gastric emptying closely regulated
A

a. Provide enough time for neutralization of the acid

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21
Q
  1. What are the 3 sections of the small intestine
A

a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum

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22
Q
  1. What are the 3 levels surface area is increased
A

a. Plicae
b. Villi
c. Microvilli

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23
Q
  1. What are the different types of contraction in the small intestine
A

a. Peristaltic contractions – propel chyme
b. Segmentation contractions – split and expose chyme to secretions

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24
Q
  1. What are the accessory organs
A

a. Pancreas
b. Liver

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25
Q
  1. What cells secrete exocrine pancreatic secretion
A

a. HCO3- secreted by centroacinar cells/ductal cells
b. Enzymes – acinar cells

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26
Q
  1. What nervous system stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
A

a. Parasympathetic

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27
Q
  1. What are the different phases of pancreatic juice secretion
A

a. Cephalic – conditioning/taste/smell
b. Gastric – distention of the stomach
c. Intestinal – 80% pancreatic secretions

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28
Q
  1. What does the liver secrete
A

a. Produced by hepatocytes – bile

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29
Q
  1. What is the role of the gall bladder
A

a. Concentrates and ejects bile

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30
Q
  1. What is the first part of the large intestine
A

a. Caecum

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31
Q
  1. How does the large intestine stop back flow into ileum
A

a. Proximal colon and ileocecum sphincter contract

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32
Q
  1. What are haustra
A

a. Pouches in the colon

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33
Q
  1. What are the 3 primary functions of the large intestine
A

a. Absorb water and electrolytes
b. Makes and absorbs vit K and B
c. Forming and propelling faeces

34
Q
  1. What enzymes are secreted in the mouth
A

a. Amylase
b. Lingual lipase
c. Kallikrein
d. Mucus

35
Q
  1. What is secreted in the Oesophagus
A

a. Mucus
b. HCO3

36
Q
  1. What is secreted from the stomach
A

a. HCL
b. Pepsinogen
c. Intrinsic factor

37
Q
  1. What is secreted in the large intestine
A

a. Mucus

38
Q
  1. What glands are found in the body of the stomach
A

a. Oxyntic glands

39
Q
  1. What cells are found in the oxyntic glands
A

a. Gastric pit
b. Epithelial cells
c. Mucous neck cells
d. Parietal cells
e. Chief cells

40
Q
  1. What does epithelial cells release in the oxyntic glands
A

a. HCO3

41
Q
  1. What do mucous neck cells release in the oxyntic glands
A

a. Mucus

42
Q
  1. What do parietal cells release in the oxyntic glands
A

a. HCL, intrinsic factor

43
Q
  1. What do chief cells release in the oxyntic gland
A

a. Pepsinogen

44
Q
  1. What glands are found in the antrum
A

a. Pyloric glands

45
Q
  1. What cells are not found in the pyloric glands
A

a. Parietal cells

46
Q
  1. What cells are found in the pyloric glands
A

a. G cells – gastrin
b. D cells – somatostatin

47
Q
  1. Why do parietal cells release HCL
A

a. To provide conditions to convert pepsinogen to pepsin

48
Q
  1. What proteins are found on the apical side of the parietal cells
A

a. k/H ATPase
b. cl channel

49
Q
  1. what cells are found on the basolateral surface
A

a. NA/K ATPase
b. HCO3/Cl

50
Q
  1. What stimulates H secretion
A

a. Histamine binding to H2 GS coupled receptors
b. Ach – binds to M3 Gq receptor
c. Gastrin – binds to CCKB receptor

51
Q
  1. What inhibits H secretion
A

a. Somatostatins and prostaglandins
b. Bind to Gi receptors inhibit cAMP

52
Q
  1. What drugs prevent H secretion
A

a. Omeprazole

53
Q
  1. In the SI what cells protect the lumen and how
A

a. Crypt cells secrete fluid and electrolytes

54
Q
  1. What does cholera toxin do
A

a. Too much cAMP
b. More Cl channels open
c. Water follows too much water absorbed into lumen

55
Q
  1. What is absorbed in jejunum
A

a. Na Cl
b. Sugar
c. Amino acids
d. Bicarb

56
Q
  1. What is the pH of blood in the pancreas
A

a. Low

57
Q
  1. What effect does aldosterone have on the large intestine
A

a. Synthesis of more Na channels
b. Increased internal conc of Na

58
Q
  1. Where are lipids hydrolysed
A

a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum

59
Q
  1. How are fatty acids absorbed into the blood from epithelial cells
A

a. Chylomicrons secreted via exocytosis
b. Enter lymphatic system
c. To thoracic duct where they are emptied into blood stream

60
Q
  1. To access enterocytes what barriers do molecules have to cross
A

a. Mucus gel layer
b. Acidic unstirred water zone

61
Q
  1. What are the islets main secretory cells
A

a. Beta – insulin
b. Alpha – glucagon
c. Delta – somatostatin
d. Epsilon – ghrelin

62
Q
  1. What type of junction are between beta and alpha cells in iselts of langerhans
A

a. Gap junctions

63
Q
  1. What type of junction Is between delta cells and beta cells in islets of langerhans
A

a. Dendrite like processes

64
Q
  1. What neurotransmitters innervate the pancreas
A

a. Adrenergic
b. Cholinergic
c. Peptidergic

65
Q
  1. What does the stimulation of beta adrenergic neurons lead to in the pancreas
A

a. Increase in secretion of insulin

66
Q
  1. What does a stimulation of alpha adrenergic neurons do in the pancreas
A

a. Inhibits secretion of insulin

67
Q
  1. What effect does the parasympathetic vagus nerve innervate when stimulated
A

a. Releases Ach increasing insulin release

68
Q
  1. How does glucose release insulin
A

a. Glucose binds to glut2
b. Increases ATP
c. Opens potassium channels
d. Depolarizes
e. Calcium enters and triggers exocytosis of insulin

69
Q
  1. What is the structure of the insulin receptor
A

a. 2 extracellular alpha chains
b. 2 membrane spanning beta chains

70
Q
  1. What effect does the binding of insulin have
A

a. Decreases blood glucose levels
b. Insulin binds
c. Signal transduction cascade – glut4 proteins enter membrane
d. Allows glucose to enter

71
Q
  1. What effect does insulin have in the liver
A

a. Promotes the conversion glucose to glycogen

72
Q
  1. What effects does insulin have on muscle
A

a. Anabolic effect
b. Increasing uptake of amino acids
c. Stimulation of protein synthesis

73
Q
  1. What are the effects of insulin of adipocytes
A

a. Increase in GLUT4 expression
b. Glucose converted to fatty acids

74
Q
  1. What is type 1 diabetes
A

a. Autoimmune disease affecting Beta cells secrete inadequate insulin

75
Q
  1. What are the signs of type 1 diabetes
A

a. Chronic hyperglycaemia
b. Increased fatty acid, amino acids and ketones in blood
c. Osmotic diuresis
d. Polyuria
e. Hypotension
f. Smelly breath

76
Q
  1. How do you treat type 1 diabetes
A

a. Insulin replacement therapy

77
Q
  1. What is type 2 diabetes
A

a. Insulin resistance
b. Downregulation of insulin receptors

78
Q
  1. What are the signs of type 2 diabetes
A

a. Increased thirst
b. Hunger
c. Urination
d. Fatigue and blurred vision

79
Q
  1. What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes
A

a. Sulphanyurea /tolbutamide – stimulates insulin secretion
b. Metformin – upregulate receptors on target tissues
c. Calorie restriction

80
Q

what is the layer of fatty tissue over abdominal wall

A

superficialo fascia

81
Q

how many layers is the superficial fascia over the abdominal wall

A

one layer over most of it, two layers in the lower anterior region below the umbilicus

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