Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Fetal Period (definition and time period)

A

Weeks 9-40 when growth and development of the fetus continues until birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Germinal Period (definition and time period)

A

2 weeks following conception when the zygote is created and attaches to the uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Embryonic Period (definition and time period)

A

Weeks 3-8 when rapid cell differentiation in the embryo occurs forming the foundation of our organs and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conception (definition and time period)

A

fertilization occurs when a male sperm cell meets with a female ovum cell in the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Birth

A

process with 3 stages of coming into the world, around 38-40 weeks after conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endoderm (layer and what it becomes)

A

inner layer, becomes digestive and respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mesoderm (layer and what it becomes)

A

middle layer, becomes circulatory system, bones, muscle, excretory system, and reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ectoderm (layer and what it becomes)

A

outer layer, nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Teratogen

A

agents or substances that can cause birth defects or alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 Types of Teratogen

A

physical (hot tub)
chemical (drugs)
infection (listeria, food poisoning)
metabolic (high blood pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is APGAR used?

A

taken within the first 5-10 minutes after birth to determine if additional medical attention is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a considered a normal APGAR score?

A

7-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is associated with below average APGAR score?

A

poor developmental outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What age is a baby considered preterm?

A

born before 37 weeks (may be viable as soon as 22 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Complications with preterm babies

A

breathing problems, feeding difficulties, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, vision and hearing problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 patterns of infant growth?

A

Cephalocaudal - development occurs from the top down
Proximodistal - development moves from the core to the limbs to the digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Amount of sleep recommended to each age of infant

A

0-3 months: 14-17 hrs/day
4-12 months: 12-16 hrs/day
12-24 months: 11-14 hrs/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Impacts of infant malnutrition

A

poor attention, reduced memory capacity, slowed cognitive and brain development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myelination

A

increase in fatty sheath covering axons of neurons, improves speed and efficiency of communication between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What supports typical brain development?

A

Experiences, proper nutrition, sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

A

0-2 years
Infants understanding is constructed through the development of 6 substages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Simple reflexes substages

A

construct understanding through coordinating motor actions with sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Habits and primary circular reactions substages

A

coordinating sensory info and habits and circular reactions to construct understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Secondary circular reactions substages

A

construct understanding by repeating actions that are pleasurable/interesting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Coordination of secondary circular reactions substages

A

intentional repetition of previously learned pleasurable experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tertiary circular reactions substages

A

construct understanding by exploring new objects, trying new things, driven by curiosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Internalization of schemes substage

A

develop primitive symbols for sensory images to repeat events or actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

A

2-7 years
symbolic function substage - gain ability to mentally represent objects that are not present
intuitive thought substage - use primitive reasoning and become curious about the world, know things but don’t always understand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to take perspective of someone else

31
Q

animism

A

belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and take action

32
Q

centration

A

focusing attention on one characteristic and ignoring all others (lack conservation)

33
Q

3 ways infants learn language

A
34
Q

What is language?

A

spoken, written, or signed communication that is based on a system of symbols

35
Q

Reflexes

A

built in reactions to stimuli that serve a survival mechanism

36
Q

Sensations

A

incoming info to our sensory receptors

37
Q

Schemes

A

actions or mental representation that organize knowledge

38
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

large muscle activities like moving arms and walking

39
Q

Perception

A

interpretation of the information that is sensed

40
Q

Phonology

A

sound system of language

41
Q

Semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

42
Q

Assimilation

A

using an existing scheme to learn new information

43
Q

Object permanence

A

understanding that objects and events occur even if they are not seen, heard, or touched
emerges at 8 months and solidified by 12-24 months

44
Q

Accommodation

A

adjusting an existing scheme to fit new information

45
Q

Pragmatics

A

acceptable use of language in varying contexts

46
Q

Syntax

A

how words are combined to create meaningful phrases or sentences

47
Q

Primitive Symbols

A

serve as sensory images or words to represent events or actions

48
Q

Morphology

A

unit of meaning used to form words

49
Q

Intentional Repetition

A

used by infants to construct an understanding of the world

50
Q

Emotion

A

a feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important and expressed via behavior that reflects experience

51
Q

Difference between basic and self-conscious emotion

A

basic - emotions shared between all cultures (surprise, interest, joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust) first 6 months
self conscious emotions - require self-awareness (guilt, pride) 6-24 months

52
Q

How do infants regulate their emotions?

A

rely on caregiver help, minimize intensity/duration through thumb sucking or ask for help

53
Q

How do adults serve as co-regulators of emotion?

A

monitor emotional responses, validate negative emotions and teach coping strategies, help label emotions,

54
Q

What is temperament?

A

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

55
Q

Define the 3 temperamental styles?

A

easy - positive, quickly establish routine, adapt easily
difficult - reacts negatively, cry frequently, irregular daily routine and slow to accept change
slow to warm up - low activity level, low intensity of mood, somewhat negative

56
Q

What is personality?

A

enduring personal characteristics of an individual

57
Q

How does personality develop during infancy and early childhood?

A

through trust and sense of self, facilitated by caregiver

58
Q

What is attachment and what are the 4 types?

A

secure - babies use caregiver to explore the environment
ambivalent - slow to warm back up to caregiver
avoidant - little emotional connection to caregiver, reject affection
disorganized - unpredictable reaction that is not secure

59
Q

What is secure attachment correlated with?

A

better social and cognitive development

60
Q

What are the milestones in gross and fine motor development across early childhood?

A

sit without help, 4-9 months
stand with help, 5-11 months
crawl, 5-13 months
walk with help, 6-14 months
stand alone, 7-14 months
walk alone, 8-18 months
palmer grasp, 7 months
pincer grasp, 12 months

61
Q

Describe Zone of Proximal Development

A

tasks that are too difficult to be completed alone but can be learned through the help of a more skilled other

62
Q

What executive functioning improvements do preschoolers make and explain them

A

cognitive inhibition (tune out stimuli), cognitive flexibility (switch tasks), goal setting, delay of gratification

63
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

having an awareness of your own as well as others mental processes and understanding that other people may have difference experiences

64
Q

When does theory of mind emerge?

A

2 years old know that other people see what is in front of them, preschoolers understand positive and negative emotions and can identify when others are feeling those

65
Q

Phonology (define and example)

A

preschoolers can make most vowel and consonant sounds

66
Q

Morphology (define and example)

A

begin to use plural and possessive nouns and add endings to verbs (often overgeneralize rules like using goed instead of went)

67
Q

Syntax (define and example)

A

understand how words should be ordered (questions v. statement)

68
Q

Semantics (define and example)

A

develop vocabulary rapidly via fat mapping (~1 word/hour)

69
Q

Pragmatics (define and example)

A

learn norms of conversation in different settings, begin to develop politeness and sensitivity, norms for different stages

70
Q

What 4 social emotional developmental areas develop in early childhood?

A
71
Q

What is emotional regulation and why do children need it?

A

facilitates engagement and development of positive social relationships, reduces risk of social rejection and communicate functionally

72
Q

What are the 4 parenting styles?

A

authoritarian, authoritative*, neglectful, permissive

73
Q

What happens if a preschooler is more withdrawn from peers or is more aggressive towards peers?

A

more likely to experience poor social outcomes, like rejection/isolation, and negative long term outcomes

74
Q

What is the importance of play in early childhood

A

supports interaction between parent and child (need for engagement), strengthen core life skills (planning, problem solving, flexibility), reduce sources of stress (used for coping)

developmental psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions