Exam 2 short answer

Question 1

List the layers of the epidermis. Be able to describe each layer. ( BSGLC)

Answer 1

• Stratum Basale: Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells
  –Stratum spinosum: Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes
  –Stratum granulosum: Typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating
  –Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin): A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
  –Stratum corneum: Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead cells

Question 2

Define apoptosis. Why is it important?

Answer 2

Controlled cellular suicide
it is important because it allows us to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair

Question 3

Define cyanosis. What condition(s) could cause each of these symptoms?

Answer 3

Blue skin color - low oxygenation of hemoglobin

Question 4

Define jaundice. What condition(s) could cause each of these symptoms?

Answer 4

(yellow cast) –Liver disorder

Question 5

Differentiate between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Answer 5

Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas with many hair follicles, such as on the scalp, armpits and groin.

Question 6

Describe the functions of the integumentary system. 6

Answer 6

Protection: chemical, physical, biological
*Body temperature regulation
*Cutaneous sensation
*Metabolic functions
*Blood reservoir
*Excretion

Question 7

Define benign, metastasis, tumor

Answer 7

-Benign tumors are those that stay in their primary location without invading other sites of the body
metastasis: the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

Question 8

ABCD rule.

Answer 8

rule to identify potential types of skin cancer.
“Asymmetrical, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving.

Question 9

Describe the 3 degrees of burns

Answer 9

Partial Thickness !st and 2nd degree burns
First degree: Epidermal damage only
–Localized redness, (swelling), and pain
Second degree; Epidermal and upper dermal damage, Blisters appear
Third Degree burn; full thickness Entire thickness of skin involved, Skin gray-white, cherry red, or blackened
*Not painful (nerve endings destroyed) or swollen
*Skin grafting usually necessary

Question 10

What is the rule of nines? What does this rule determine?

Answer 10

used to evaluate burn severity by dividing the bodies surface area into percentages
–Used to estimate volume of fluid loss

Question 11

Describe some of the treatments for burns. What is debridement?

Answer 11

-Debridement (removal) of burned skin
–Antibiotics
–Temporary covering
–Skin grafts

Question 12

Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton.

Answer 12

Axial skeleton
* Long axis of body
* Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
* Bones of upper and lower limbs
* Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

Question 13

Know the 7 functions the skeletal system.

Answer 13

• Support
  – Protection
  – Movement
  – Mineral and growth factor storage
  – Blood cell formation
  – Triglyceride (fat) storage
  – Hormone production

Question 14

Know the attachments of tendons and ligaments.

Answer 14

Ligaments connect two or more bones together and help stabilize joints. Tendons attach muscle to bone

Question 15

Differentiate between endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Identify which bones are formed by which types of ossification.

Answer 15

Endochondral ossification: Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage - Forms most of skeleton ( long bones)
Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops from fibrous membrane, Bones called membrane bones. Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones

Question 16

Know the functions of calcium.

Answer 16

• Nerve impulse transmission
  – Muscle contraction
  – Blood coagulation
  – Secretion by glands and nerve cells
  – Cell division

Question 17

Describe the negative feedback involving PTH and calcium reabsorption.

Answer 17

Controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
low Blood Ca2+ levels >PTH release> PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone
matrix, releasing Ca2+ > high Blood Ca2+ levels > PTH release ends

Question 18

Know the 4 steps of bone repair.

Answer 18

1. hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. Bony callus forms
4. Bone remodeling occurs

Question 19

Define sinuses. What are their functions?

Answer 19

a cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities.

Functions: Warmth and humidify air, Help to lighten
skull, enhance resonance of voice

Question 20

Describe the fontanelles. What are their functions?

Answer 20

Large areas of fibrous connective tissue
 Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
 Allow the skull to flex during birth
-allow for growth of the brain and skull during an infant’s first year

Question 21

Define kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.

Answer 21

Kyphosis: curvature of the spine that causes the top of the back to appear more rounded than normal
Lordosis: excessive inward curvature of the spine.
Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Question 22

How many vertebrae are located in each section of the vertebral column? What is the function of the
vertebral column?

Answer 22

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 caudal vertebrae.
Function: provides attachments to muscles, supports the trunk, protects the spinal cord and nerve roots

Question 23

Differentiate between the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle.

Answer 23

The pectoral girdle is situated in the pectoral region of the body and joins the upper limb to the body. The pelvic girdle is situated in the pelvic region of the body and joins the lower limb to the body. 2. It is composed of two bones namely clavicle or collar bone and scapula.

Question 24

Which 3 bones form the pelvis?

Answer 24

ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Question 25

Which 2 bones form the knee joint?

Answer 25

Femur and tibia