Acute Kidney Injury in Ruminants and Camelids

Question 1

Describe the pathophysiologic mechanism of heat-stress induced AKI in camelids

Answer 1

Climatic Heat stress and exercise - heat strain –> Increased HR, Decreased CVP, Decreased Blood Volume –> Hemoconcentration, e-lyte imbalances, increased RBC fragility

Question 2

What are the 3 main categories of Pre-renal AKI causes?

Answer 2

• Circulatory collapse
• Severe dehydration
• Anemia

Question 3

What is the overall cause of Pre-renal AKI?

Answer 3

Hemodynamic renal injury/insufficiency

Question 4

Pre-renal AKI Causes
- Cardiac disease
- Severe Burns
- Heat stress

Answer 4

Circulatory Collapse

Question 5

Pre-renal AKI Causes
- GI disease
- Impaired swallowing
- Inadequate intake

Answer 5

Severe Dehydration

Question 6

Pre-renal AKI Causes
- GI Parasitism
- Blood parasitism
- Copper Toxicity
- Enzootic Hematuria

Answer 6

Anemia

Question 7

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing, as a symptom of disease

Answer 7

dysphagia

Question 8

What species is NOT as heat and humidity tolerant as other farm animals?

Answer 8

Camelids

Question 9

Hemoconcentration, electrolyte imbalances, and shunting of blood to peripheral capillary beds —>

Answer 9

renal compromise

Question 10

Renal AKI Causes are:

Answer 10

-Infectious/inflammatory
- Toxic

Question 11

Leptospirosis in Cattle can present in different ways:

Answer 11

• Host-adapted
• Non Host-adapted

Question 12

• Silent, subclinical carriers
• Persistent, latent urogenital infection
• Leptospira hardjo-bovis

Answer 12

Host-adapted

Question 13

• Acute, severe disease
• Fever, lethargy, sharp Decreased milk production
• Hemolytic anemia - hemoglobinuria
• Leptospiremia - direct tubular damage
• Hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa

Answer 13

Non host-adapted

Question 14

What are the most present in the vaccines given to cattle?

Answer 14

Hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa

Question 15

(afferent arteriole) Prostaglandin causes:

Answer 15

Vasodilation

Question 16

(efferent arteriole) Angiotensin II causes:

Answer 16

Vasoconstriction

Question 17

Prostaglandin is produced by what pathway?

Answer 17

Arachidonic Acid Pathway by COX1 and COX2

Question 18

Prostaglandins are mostly useful during ……

Answer 18

dehydration

Question 19

Nephrotoxins - Vitamin D
What is the problem with overdosing vitamin D?

Answer 19

The metabolites result in HYPERphosphatemia/HYPERcalcemia
- resulting in Dystrophic mineralization

Question 20

What does Iatrogenic Hypervitaminosis D in Camelids cause?

Answer 20

Dystrophic Mineralization in the kidneys

Question 21

Renal AKI Causes
- Fungal Nephritis
- Bacterial Nephritis

Answer 21

Infectious/Inflammatory

Question 22

Renal AKI Causes
1- Heavy metals
2- Plants
3- Antibiotics/anti-inflammatories
4- Pigment
5- Vitamin D overdose

Answer 22

Toxic

Question 23

Post-Renal AKI Causes:

Answer 23

• Infectious
• Mechanical
• Dietary

Question 24

Post-Renal AKI Causes
- Enzootic posthitis/vulvitis
- Prostatitis
- Meningeal worm

Answer 24

Infectious

Question 25

Post-Renal AKI Causes
- Pelvic Entrapment

Answer 25

Mechanical

Question 26

Post-Renal AKI Causes
- Urolithiasis
- Enzootic Hematuria

Answer 26

Dietary

Question 27

Clinical signs for Post-Renal AKI are:

Answer 27

Very similar to each other

Question 28

Ammonia is Alkaline –> C. renale produces pH-mediated pili –> More alkaline = more pili –> C. renale successfully ascends urinary tract

Answer 28

Enzootic Posthitis/Vulvitis

Question 29

What is a major risk factor for establishment of C. renale infection?

Answer 29

High Protein Diet