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A&P Lecture 2 - Respiration & Phonation > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lungs and lower respiratory passages contained in?

A

The thorax

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2
Q

What is the thorax?

A

the part of the body between the neck and
the abdomen (“the chest”)

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3
Q

What make up the walls of the thorax, laterally, anteriorly, and posteriorly?

A

Laterally = the ribs and
intercostal muscles

– Anteriorly = sternum (breastbone)
and costal cartilages

– Posteriorly = thoracic part of the
vertebral column (spine)

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4
Q

What is the thoracic cavity? How is it separated from the abdominal cavity?

A

The space within the thoracic walls. It is separated
from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm, a large sheet of muscle.

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5
Q

What is in the thoracic cavity?

A

the lungs, separated by a central compartment
containing the heart, oesophagus, trachea and major blood vessels

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6
Q

How many lobes are in the right vs length lung and why?

A

Right lung = 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
Left lung = 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
(heart takes up space in the left side of the thorax)

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7
Q

Through which passage does air enter the lungs

A

Trachea

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8
Q

The trachea divides into 2 main _______

A

Bronchi

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9
Q

The smallest air passages are called ________

A

Bronchioles

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10
Q

The bronchioles terminate at _______

A

Alveoli - tiny air-filled sacs that expand and contract during respiration

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11
Q

What prevents the trachea and bronchial walls from closing?

A

Rings and plates of cartilage

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12
Q

Does the diameter of the trachea and bronchi change?

A

No - fixed diameter (i.e. the amount of
air travelling through them can’t
change

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13
Q

What do bronchiole walls consist of?

A

Circular muscle
Contraction and relaxation of this
circular muscle layer change the
diameter of bronchioles
→ decreases or increases the
amount of air travelling along the
bronchiole

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14
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of blood vessels called _______

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

As blood flows past the thin alveolar walls, ______ diffuses into the blood from the air in the alveoli into the blood (oxygenation) and ________ diffuses out of the blood into the air in the alveoli

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon dioxide
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16
Q

What are the lungs immediately surrounded by?

A

The pleural cavity

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17
Q

What is the pleural calvity

A

A fluid filled sac surrounding the lungs, lined with a membrane (the pleura).
The lung pushes into the side of the pleural cavity so that the lung is
surrounded by a double layer of pleura (like a fist pushing into a water balloon)

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18
Q

The inner pleural layer is adhered to the _______________

A

Outer surface of the lungs

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19
Q

The outer pleural layer is adhered to the internal surface of the ________ and superior surface of the ________

A
  1. thoracic wall
  2. diaphragm
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20
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A
  • Lubrication - minimises friction
    between the pleural surfaces as they slide over one another
  • Adhesion - sticks the pleural
    surfaces together via surface tension
  • like a cup sticking to a wet coaster
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21
Q

Air moves into and out of the lungs in response to ___________

A

pressure gradients

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22
Q

Gases move from an area of high
pressure to an area of lower
pressure in an attempt to ____________________

A

equalise pressure differences

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23
Q

At the end of expiration, atmospheric pressure an alveolar pressure are ________

A

Equal - therefore no movement into or out of the lungs takes place

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24
Q

Inspiration begins with _________ of inspiratory muscles to increase ________________

A
  1. contraction
  2. thoracic volume
25
Q

Inspiration begins with contraction of inspiratory muscles to increase thoracic volume. This results in expansion of the lungs and _________ in alveolar volume

A

increase

26
Q

Increase in alveolar volume creates a decrease in _____________

A

alveolar pressure
–> alveolar pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure, so air flows into the lungs

27
Q

At the end of inspiration, the thorax and alveoli _____ ___________

A

stop expanding

28
Q

At the end of inspiration, when the thorax and alveoli stop expanding, airflow into the lungs causes alveolar pressure to become equal to ___________

A

atmospheric pressure

29
Q

During expiration, volume of the thorax decreases as the ___________ relaxes and the thorax and lungs recoil

A

diaphragm

30
Q

Relaxation of the diaphragm and recoil of the thorax and lungs causes a decrease in alveolar volume, and _________ in alveolar pressure

A

increase

–> as alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, air moves out of the lungs until pressure equalises

31
Q

Changes in thoracic cavity volume occur due to movements of the __________ and _________

A

thoracic wall and diaphragm

32
Q

How do the thoracic wall and diaphragm move during inspiration?

A

Thoracic wall: Outward (lateral) and upward (elevation)
Diaphragm: Downward

33
Q

How do the thoracic wall and diaphragm move during expiration?

A

Thoracic wall: Inward (medial) and downward (depression) movements
Diaphragm: Upward

34
Q
A

a. ribs
b. vertebral column
c. costal cartilages
d. intercostal spaces
e. sternum

35
Q

The shoulder blade is called the _______

A

scapula

36
Q

How many ribs are there in total?

A

12

37
Q

What is the difference between true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs? How many are there?

A

True ribs - (pairs 1-7)
False ribs - (pairs 8-10)
Floating ribs - (pairs 11-12)

True ribs: Anterior ends attach directly to sternum via costal
cartilages

False ribs: Anterior ends do not attach directly to the sternum, but
to other costal cartilages

Floating ribs: Do not attach to sternum,
anterior ends are free

38
Q
A
39
Q

What type of joints are the posterior rib joints?
What type of joints are anterior rib joints?

A

posterior rib joints - Synovial joints
anterior rib joints - Cartilaginous joints

40
Q

What kind of movement do the posterior rib joints allow?

A

The arrangement of the posterior rib joints allows the posterior end of the rib to rock up and down against the spine

41
Q

Movement at the posterior rib joints
produces slight rotation and elevation of the ribs - like the movement of a bucket handle. What effect does this have on the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

Increases volume of the thoracic cavity

42
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscles run between adjacent ribs? What are they?

A

3
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

43
Q

What are the functions of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Elevate the ribs
Expand the thoracic cavity
“Ribs up and out”

44
Q

What are the functions of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Depress the ribs
Compress the thoracic cavity
“Ribs down and in”

45
Q

What 3 structures does the diaphragm attach to?

A

Inferior edge of the rib cage
Inferior part of the sternum
Lumbar (“lower back”) portion of the vertebral column

46
Q

How does the diaphragm move when its muscle fibres contract?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm muscle fibres pulls the diaphragm
down towards the abdominal cavity

47
Q

How does the diaphragm move when its muscles fibres relax?

A

Relaxation of the diaphragm muscle fibres allows the diaphragm to rise up towards the thoracic cavity (pushed up by pressure of the organs in the abdominal cavity

48
Q

What conditions in the body influence respiration rate?

A

Levels of O2 and CO2

49
Q

Is quiet inspiration an active or passive process?

A

Quiet inspiration is an active process, meaning that it requires muscle contraction:

(External intercostal muscles contract
Ø Ribs move upwards and outwards
Ø Sternum lifts upwards
* Diaphragm contracts
Ø Diaphragm moves downwards)

50
Q

What causes lung volume to increase when the thoracic cavity expands?

A

As the thoracic wall moves outwards and the diaphragm moves downwards, the adhesion between the inner and outer pleural layers means that the lung is pulled outwards as well

51
Q

During expansion of the thoracic cavity and lung volume, how does the pressure inside the thorax and lungs change? What is the result of this pressure change?

A

Pressure inside the
thorax and lungs reduces
Air flows into the lungs down the pressure gradient

52
Q

Is quiet expiration an active or passive process?

A

Largely passive:
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax (stop contracting)
* Pressure within the abdominal cavity pushes diaphragm back up
* Gravity pulls the ribcage down
* Thoracic cavity reduces in volume

53
Q

Describe what is meant by ‘elastic recoil’ of the lungs

A

The lungs are elastic and will spring back to their resting shape after
expansion (= elastic recoil)
Once the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, elastic recoil is unopposed and the lungs contract back to their resting shape
* Adhesion between the pleural layers means that as the lung volume reduces with elastic recoil, the chest wall is pulled inwards

54
Q

What muscles does forceful inspiration involve contraction of?

A
  1. The muscles of quiet inspiration (external intercostal muscles and diaphragm)
    PLUS
  2. The accessory muscles of inspiration
    * Sternocleidomastoid muscles (left and right)
    * Scalene muscles (left and right groups)
    * (With some assistance from pectoral (anterior chest) and upper back muscles)
55
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved in forceful inspiration.
What are these muscles attached to, and what is their role in forceful inspiration

A

Runs from top of sternum
and clavicle, to mastoid
process at base of skull
behind ear

Elevates the sternum

56
Q

Scalene muscles are involved in forceful inspiration. What are these muscles attached to and what is their role in forceful inspiration?

A

Run from vertebrae to
upper ribs
Elevate the 1st and 2nd ribs

57
Q

Which muscles contract during forceful expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles – depress ribs and narrow thoracic cavity
PLUS
2. Abdominal wall muscles
* Rectus abdominis (Lat. rectus ‘straight’) – left and right
* External oblique muscles (oblique = diagonal) – left and right

58
Q

What do the abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles) do during forceful expiration?

A

During forceful expiration, the abdominal wall muscles contract:
* Depress (pull down) the lower ribs, aiding the action of the internal
intercostal muscles
* Forcefully compress the contents of the abdominal cavity, which
pushes the diaphragm upwards

A&P Lecture 2 - Respiration & Phonation (3 decks)

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