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Phase 1 - Histology > 11b - Female Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

11b - Female Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How is the ovary attached to broad ligament?

A

mesovary

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2
Q

How is the ovary attached to uterus?

A

ovarian ligament

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3
Q

How is the ovary attached to pelvic wall?

A

suspensory ligament

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4
Q

Layers of the ovary

A
  • single layer of modified mesothelium cells
    continous with germinal epi of ovary - simple cuboidal
  • tunica albuginea - loose fibrous CT
  • stroma - ill-defined cortex and medulla
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5
Q

Ovarian cortex comprises

A

Follicles - variable stages of development

spindle stromal cells arranged in whorls / woven

leutinused cells

primordial germ cells

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6
Q

Ovarian medulla comprises

A

loose CT

blood supply
nerves
lymphatics

rete ovarii

stromal cells

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7
Q

order of folliculogenesis

A

primordial follicle
primary (preantral)
secondary (early antral)
graffian (late antral)
corpus luteum
corpus albicans

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8
Q

primordial follicles:
location
layers

A

ovarian cortex - beneath tunica albuginea

resting oocyte stuck in prophase 1 (primordial germ cell -> oogonia -> primary oocyte)

simple squamous layer of granulosa cells

BM

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9
Q

primary follicles:
mediated by
structure

A

FSH:
- oocyte enlarges
- zona pellucia forms
- granulosa cells enlarge - accumulate lipids - become cuboidal
- BM
- stromal cells begin to condense -> thecal layers

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10
Q

secondary follicles:
structure

A
  • resting oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • multiple layers of granulosa cells - secrete mucopolysaccharides -> pockets of fluid
  • BM
  • theca interna - vascularised, secretes oestrogen
  • theca externa
  • stromal cells
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11
Q

graffian follicle:
structure

A
  • resting oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • corona radiata - layer of granulosa cells
  • antrum - pockets of fluid coalesce
  • cumulous oophorus - stalk suspending oocyte
  • mural granulosa cells
  • BM
  • internal theca
  • external theca
  • stromal cells
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12
Q

which cells release oestrogen?

A

internla thecal cells

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13
Q

which layers are vascularised?

A

internal thecal layer

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14
Q

where are FSH and LH receptors found?

A

FSH - granulosa cells
LH - internal thecal cells

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15
Q

how many primordial follicles present at birth? How many mature to ovulation?

A

1 million
400-500

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16
Q

what triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge

17
Q

corpus luteum:
describe leutinisation
secretions
if pregnancy
regression

A
  • granulosa + internal theca cells - polygonal, accumulate lipids, enlarge

secrete - progesterone + oestrogen for 10 days

if preg - persists for 4 weeks

regress - after 8-9 days of no pregnancy,

18
Q

how are corpus luteum regressed? what forms?

A

becomes smaller
- condenses -> pyknotic nucleus
- abnormal amount of lipid
- phagocytosed
- replaced by fibrous CT

19
Q

corpus albicans:
strucutre

A

convoluted borders
dense collagen
some follicles entrapped

20
Q

what fills the follicular antrum?

A

follicular fluid:
- mucopolysaccharides (granulosa cell secretions)
- serum transudate

21
Q

fallopian tube:
structure
functions

A

structure:
- intramural - in uterine wall

  • isthmus - 2-3cm long, narrowest lumen
    • simplest folding - star shaped
  • ampulla - fertilisation most commonly occurs here, but can occur anywhere
  • infundibulum - has fimbrae
    • fimbrae become erect + clasp onto ovary during ovulaiton
    • most complex folding

functions:
transports ovum
fertilisation occurs here

22
Q

fallopian tube:
layers
histology

A

mucosa - has plicae. Simple columnar.
- secretory - at uterus end (secrete more mucousat ovu)

- ciliated - infudibulum (cilia beocme longer + beat more during ovulation. transports ovum to uterus)

- effette secretory cells

- lymphocytes

secretory + ciliated are hormonally active

muscularis
- inner -circular
- outer - longitudinal

serosa - loose CT
- covered by mesothelium

23
Q

uterus:
- layers

A

endometrium
- deep stratum basale - not hormonally active, little change, replenishes fucntional layer

  • superficial stratum functionales - hormonally active, sheds during menstruation
    divided into stratum compacta + spongiosum

myometrium - thick smooth muscle layer
thickens during pregnancy - hyperplasia + hypertrophy
3 layers:
- inner - longitudinal
- middle - circular
- outer - long

serosa

peritoneum - continuous with abdominal peritoneum. forms broad lig

24
Q

stages of the menstrual cycle

A

menses (1-7)
proliferative phase (7-14)
ovulation (14-16)
secretory phase (16-28)
- early
- middle
- late

25
Q

proliferative stage:
length
stimulated by
what happens
whats visible

A
  • 14 days long
  • ostrogen stimulated
  • proliferation - striagth glands fromed from bases left after mentruation (increase in length)
  • mitotic activity
  • straight uncoiled extensions of endometrial arteries within stroma
  • no luminal seceretion (mucous)
  • stromal cells - spindles, show mitotic activity, compact (thickness of stroma increases)
  • ends at ovulation - corpus luteum secretes progesterone at this stage
26
Q

when in the menstrual cycle is ovulation?

A

day 14-16

27
Q

secretory phase:
- length
- stimulated by
-stages

A
  • progestorone stimulated from corpus luteum (also need oestrogen)
  • around 12 days (16-28)

early
mid
late

28
Q

early secretory phase

A
  • epi cells - contain sub-nulcear vacuoles of glycogen (between nuclei and cells surface near BM)
  • stores used for mucin productive - provides nutrients should preg occur
29
Q

midsecretory phase

A
  • vacuoles - above + below nuclar
  • secretion in glnads
  • glands → rounded
  • stroma → oedematous (not visible with H&E - appears as white space)
30
Q

late secretory phase

A
  • glnads - irregular, saw tooth
  • luminla sectretions
  • spiral arteries - these close, thn open adn leak out blood into stroma → triggers menses
    • closing → anoxia
    • opening → blood leaks into stroma
    • these together cuase superifical layer of endometrium to separate from basal layer
  • oedematous cells surround spiral arteries
31
Q

menstrual stage
- caused by
- what happens

A
  • withrawal of progesterone
  • haemorrage within endometrium stroma
  • fragmentation of stroma and grlnads - only base of glnads remain
  • can see some mitotic figures
  • onyl basal layer of endo remains - superifical layer is shed
32
Q

where do spiral arteries arise from?

A

between inner and middle layers of myometrium - large vessels supplying epi adn myometrium

33
Q

cervix
- histology - ecto and endo

A

endocervix

  • loose firbomuscluar stroma - smooth muscle
  • simple columnar ciliated epi
    • lines cervix canal
  • cypts - no ducts, same cells all the way
  • linign produces mucous - thickness of which changes

ectocervix

  • dense smooth muscle stroma
  • non-keratinising stratified squamous
  • lines outside of cervix - continues into fornix before becoming vagina
34
Q

how does mucous secretion thickness of endocervix vary throughout menstrual cycle?

A
  • lining is NOT shed during menstruation
  • after ovulation - thin and watery (encaourages entry of speratazoa)
  • at ovulation + during preg - viscous (prevents entry or pathogens)
35
Q

transformation zone (cervix)

A

junction with endocervix varies
- begins near external os
- moves into cervical canal at puberty (strtified squamous epi allows for abrasion during intercourse)
- moves down again at menopause

transformation zone - common site for cervical cancer

36
Q

vagina
- histology

A

mucosa (epi + lamina propria)
- stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinising) - acccumulate glycogen at ovulation → spongy appearnce
- keratinised at vulval end
- thin epi beofre puberty + ater meno
- elastic fibres
- rich vascular network

muscualr wall
- contians elastic + collagen
- inner circualr
- outer longitudinal
- at vulval end - skeletal muscle, acts as vaginal spingcer

adventita - loose CT

37
Q

vulva histology
- mons pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora

A

mons pubis
- skin
- has hair
- enlarged sebaceous glnads
- apocrine sweat glnads
- fatty CT

labia majora
- keratinised stratified
- sebacous glnads
- skin adnexae
- hair

labia minor
- non-keratinsing
- no hair
- skin
- sebaceous glands

38
Q

vulva histology:
- bartholins glands
- minor vestibular glands
- skeins glands
- hymen
- clitoris

A

bartholins glnads
- tubuloalveolar
- lined by mucus secreting epi

minor vestibular glnads
- simple tubular
- mucus secreting epi

skeins glnads (peri-urethral glands)
- equ of prostate
- pseudostratified columnar epi

hymen
- non-keratinsing strat squamous

citoris
- eretile tissue
- rich vascular + nerves

Phase 1 - Histology (1 decks)

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