11th Century Europe Flashcards
(21 cards)
When did Henry II become Holy Roman Emperor, and what was his significance?
Henry II was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1014 CE. He strengthened imperial rule, promoted church reform, and was later canonized as Saint Henry.
When did the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches occur, and what caused it?
The Great Schism of 1054 CE resulted from disputes over papal authority, the Filioque clause, and theological differences, leading to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
When did the Normans conquer England, and what battle secured their rule?
The Norman Conquest occurred in 1066 CE, with William the Conqueror defeating King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. This led to the establishment of Norman rule in England.
When did the Investiture Controversy begin, and what was it about?
The Investiture Controversy began in the 1070s CE, as a conflict between the Pope (Gregory VII) and the Holy Roman Emperor (Henry IV) over whether secular rulers had the right to appoint bishops.
When did the Seljuk Empire rise to power, and why was it significant for Europe?
The Seljuk Empire expanded in the mid-11th century, winning the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 CE, which weakened the Byzantine Empire and prompted calls for the First Crusade.
When was the First Crusade launched, and when was Jerusalem captured?
The First Crusade was called in 1095 CE by Pope Urban II, and Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE, establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
When was the Kingdom of Castile established, and how did it influence the Reconquista?
The Kingdom of Castile became independent in 1035 CE, playing a crucial role in the Reconquista, as Christian kingdoms pushed against Muslim rule in Spain.
When did the Almoravid Empire emerge, and what role did it play in the Iberian Peninsula?
The Almoravid Empire was founded in 1040 CE and expanded into Spain in 1086 CE, temporarily halting Christian advances in the Reconquista.
When was the Domesday Book compiled, and what was its purpose?
The Domesday Book was completed in 1086 CE under William the Conqueror to record land ownership and taxation in England.
When did Pope Urban II die, and what was his most significant legacy?
Pope Urban II died in 1099 CE, shortly after the First Crusade’s success. His most significant legacy was initiating the Crusades, which reshaped European and Middle Eastern history.
When did Kievan Rus officially convert to Christianity, and which ruler was responsible?
Kievan Rus converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988 CE under Prince Vladimir I, marking the beginning of Christian influence in Russia and Eastern Europe.
When did the Normans defeat the Pope’s forces at the Battle of Civitate, and what was its impact?
The Battle of Civitate took place in 1053 CE, where Norman forces defeated Pope Leo IX’s army, forcing the Papacy to recognize Norman rule in southern Italy.
When was the Norman Kingdom of Sicily established, and how did it impact Mediterranean politics?
The Norman Kingdom of Sicily was founded in 1130 CE by Roger II, but Norman control began in 1071 CE with the capture of Bari, ending Byzantine rule in southern Italy.
When did the Battle of Hastings take place, and what were its immediate effects?
The Battle of Hastings occurred in 1066 CE, leading to Norman rule in England and the implementation of feudalism and castle-building.
When were the first Crusader states established, and what territories did they include? securing European footholds in the Levant.
Following the First Crusade (1096–1099 CE), Crusaders established states like the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099), the County of Edessa (1098), and the Principality of Antioch (1098),
When was the Kingdom of Hungary officially established, and who was its first king?
The Kingdom of Hungary was founded in 1000 CE, with Stephen I crowned as its first king. He promoted Christianity, consolidating Hungarian statehood.
When did Pope Gregory VII begin his reforms, and what was their main focus?
Pope Gregory VII initiated reforms in 1073 CE, focusing on ending simony (selling church offices), enforcing clerical celibacy, and asserting papal authority over secular rulers, leading to conflicts like the Investiture Controversy.
When was the Almoravid Dynasty founded, and how did it affect North Africa and Spain?
The Almoravid Dynasty was founded in 1040 CE in North Africa. By 1086 CE, they intervened in Spain, temporarily halting the Christian Reconquista and strengthening Islamic rule in Al-Andalus.
When did Canute the Great rule England, and what was the extent of his empire?
Canute the Great ruled England from 1016 to 1035 CE, forming the North Sea Empire, which included England, Denmark, and Norway.
When was the Dictatus Papae issued, and what did it claim?
Issued by Pope Gregory VII in 1075 CE, the Dictatus Papae asserted papal supremacy, stating that only the pope could appoint bishops and depose emperors, fueling the Investiture Controversy.
When did the Great Schism occur, and what were its causes?
The Great Schism occurred in 1054 CE, due to disputes over papal authority, the Filioque clause, and theological differences, dividing Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
