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Memorise > 12/01/18 > Flashcards

12/01/18 Flashcards

1
Q

How many industrial enterprises closed unde rlenin to move towards communism

A

570

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2
Q

What caused unemployment under Lenin

A

WW2 withdraw

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3
Q

Compulsory labour what was it

A

Any able man 16-50 could not refuse employment 1918

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4
Q

How much labour force unemployed in 1924

A

18%

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5
Q

What happened under NEP to inspire productivity?

A

Wage differentials

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6
Q

What did Lenin discourage

A

Arteli

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7
Q

Why did people not go to labour exchanges

A

To not get a job they didn’t like

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8
Q

When was full employment announced

A

1939

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9
Q

How many workers from 1928-37

A

11.6 mil- 27mil

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10
Q

What meant every labour source was used?

A

Excessive production targets

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11
Q

When was there a labour shortage

A

1932

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12
Q

Low productivity figure

A

In 1927 average soviet worker produced half that of a British worker

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13
Q

When was passport system introduced

A

1933

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14
Q

By 1937 what percent of people changed jobs

A

30% every quarter of the year

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15
Q

What did passport restriction cause

A

Absenteeism

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16
Q

When was absenteeism a criminal offence

A

1939

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17
Q

When we’re wage differentials increased under Stalin

A

1931

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18
Q

Why did wage differentials under Stalin mean nothing

A

They couldn’t spend it

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19
Q

What else did Stalin use to incentivise productivity

A

Medals

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20
Q

How many labour inmates where there in 1953

A

2.5 million

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21
Q

Who experience unemployment with Khrushchev

A

Graduates and seasons workers

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22
Q

When was the working week reduced and what else?

A

1957, increased paid holiday time

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23
Q

What was bad about fill emploemeny

A

No job satisfaction

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24
Q

When was minimum wage introduced and why was it not always great and why was it great?

A

1956 no one below poverty line, still couldn’t support fam

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25
Q

Under Brezhnev real wages rose by what and when

A

50% 1967-77

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26
Q

What were wage differentials under Brezhnev

A

Good, low enough to not be excessive in quality

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27
Q

What did Lenin do to solve housing issues

A

Took houses from rich and divided up and gave to poor

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28
Q

What was not good about housing with Lenin

A

Party officials got better housing. Not enough housing

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29
Q

How did the Moscow population increase under Stalin

A

2.2 mil 1929-4.1 mil 1936 caused considerable strain on housing

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30
Q

What did people live in during industrialising and building new cities?

A

Mud hits, tents and actual factories

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31
Q

Percentage of rented housing with more than one room and when

A

6% 1936

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32
Q

During WW2 how much of Stalingrad lost

A

90% if it’s housing

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33
Q

Under Khrushchev housing programme increased what to what ?

A

Annual housing space provided by gov, almost 400 million square metres 1961

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34
Q

Khrushchev slum Russian name

A

Khrushchoby

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35
Q

What did Brezhnev do for housing?

A

Investment into agriculture mean some money used for rural housing

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36
Q

How many killed by what disease and when

A

Life spread typhus 1918-20 6 million

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37
Q

What did Lenin do about cholera.

A

Compulsory vaccination programme

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38
Q

What did Lenin do about lice spread typhus?

A

Increased training places for doctors

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39
Q

Under Stalin what did he do for health care?

A

Paid attention to sanitation but not really. Thanks to Lenin more doctors. Number of hospital beds tripled 1928-39

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40
Q

Under Khrushchev 4 things on health care

A

Poly clinics provided all purpose health care
Sanitation taken seriously
Increased health care provision
Problem with quality not quantity

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41
Q

How many sanitoria and when

A

1978 2,000

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42
Q

Wrong with health care under Khrushchev and Brezhnev

A

Equipment outdated

Hospitals had no heating and running water 1988

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43
Q

Lenin social benefits

A

-work cards so public transport
Ration cards
Paid disability maternity unemployment. Benefits

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44
Q

How many people did Lenin cover with paid benefits

A

9 million

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45
Q

How many ration cards held at height

A

22 million

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46
Q

Bad about Lenin social benefits

A

Peasants did not receive

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47
Q

By 1933 most soviet citizens had access to what

A

Electricity

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48
Q

How did Stalin restrict workers complaints

A

Shut trade unions

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49
Q

How did Stalin increase working week

A

Only allowed one day off every other day

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50
Q

Canteen meals under Stalin

A

Factories and farms supposed to provide meals due to food shortages animal feed and rotten food used to supplement. 1947 communal meals would cost half a workers wage

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51
Q

What created inequality in receiving benefits under Stalin

A

Party first policy

52
Q

By 1953 what did the average soviet citizen have

A

A job, housing and basic social services but rural life was almost primitive

53
Q

Who did not get rations under Lenin and Stalin

A

Peasants

54
Q

9th five year plan, when, who, targets were what

A

1971-75 higher targets for consumer goods than heavy industry although targets were not met but significant improvement

55
Q

1950-80 what increased and by how much

A

State welfare spending by 5 food

56
Q

1956 pension scheme for who and did it help

A

For old disabled and sick, retirement age reduced however pensions were insufficient and so many worked past the retirement age

57
Q

Evidence that conditions were still awful under Khrushchev

A

Industrial centre in Kazakhstan in 1959 so appalled by lack of clean water, food and living conditions they set the canteen on fire and hung their local police chief

58
Q

Under Brezhnev what was good with social benefits

A

Peasants finally received pension

Consumer goods focus

59
Q

When did incomes of collective farmers increase

A

1966

60
Q

In 1970 how much were rural workers wages compared to urban workers

A

10% less than urban

61
Q

How many alcoholics and when

A

20 million 1987

62
Q

Example of instability (train)

A

1977 bomb on Moscow metro killed several in terrorist arrack

63
Q

Other instability (youth)

A

Hooliganism so course on principles of soviet law was set up to educate youth

64
Q

1917 what was given to women

A

Vote, equal pay, right to work

65
Q

Who was in charge of the branch of the central committee in charge of women’s status and what was it called

A

Alexandra Kollontai

Zhenotdel

66
Q

In 1918 what was declared and how true was it

A

Equality, attitudes were slow to change and policies slow to be implemented

67
Q

Family code 1918 did what

A

Divorce easier

Abortion legal

68
Q

Impact from easy divorce under Lenin and figures

A

Should help women out of abusive relationships, 70% initiated by men, women abandoned with children

69
Q

Abortions compared to live births number

A

Abortion became contraception. Outnumbered live births 3:1

70
Q

When we’re post card divorces introduced and impact

A

1926, in 1920s Russia has highest divorce rate in Europe. Breakup of families created orphan problem

71
Q

How many women in red army during civil war

A

70,000 few held high ranks

72
Q

How many recruited into factories in civil war and bad part

A

Millions. Childcare inadequate

73
Q

What happened when men came back

A

Women expected to give up jobs

Subsequent famine left women homeless and destitute -> rise in prostitution

74
Q

Campaign against unveiling of women when and what did it involve?

A

1927, young female activist educated on hygiene and contraception. Attack in male dominated polygamous Central Asia.

75
Q

Successes of campaign for unveiling of women

A

Islamic women had more opportunities

76
Q

Failures for campaigning of women

A

Met with violence such as honour killings. Zhentodel meeting in Baku attack’s by Muslim men with dogs

77
Q

When and why was zhenotdel shit down

A

1930, claimed women’s issues were solved, male dominated party reflection

78
Q

Effect of collectivisation on women

A

Men left farms and abandoned women and children. Up until 1959 could find entire villages of women. Lack of livestock meant women pulled ploughs themselves

79
Q

Number of female workers rising numbers

A

3 million 1928- 13 million 1940

80
Q

What did women dominate

A

Light industry

81
Q

Women in higher education

A

20% places reserved, 14% already held

1940 40% engineering students were women

82
Q

Women in party

A

16% female part members1932

83
Q

How many women served in armed forces in WW2

A

800,000

84
Q

By 1950 what were women expected to do?

A

Work and look after children

85
Q

What was bad in 1936 great retreat

A
  • divorce expensive 4-50 roubles
  • abortion outlawed
  • divorce harder bad for abusive relationships
86
Q

What was good in 1936 great retreat

A

Pregnant women guaranteed job security
Maternity leave extended to 16 weeks
Prison sentences for men who did not pay for upkeep of children although not enforced

87
Q

Strengthening of family took place when and what did it entail?

A
  1. Tax on singles. Divorce more complicated. Mother heroine awards for 10+ children
88
Q

What doubled from 1928-30

A

Nursery places

89
Q

Who was the first woman in space and when

A

1963 Valentina Tereshkova

90
Q

By 1960 how much of the work force was female

A

49%

91
Q

What did Khrushchev extend to the countryside

A

Maternity benefits and health care

92
Q

How did Khrushchev relieve financial pressure on families

A

Increased provisions of social benefits ; housing, maternity arrangement, child care and health care

93
Q

When was abortion legalised again

A

1955

94
Q

Who did Brezhnev dismiss and when

A

First female full candidate o the presidium Furtseva, who was a favourite of Khrushchev 1964

95
Q

What did the new family code say and when was it made

A

1968
Couples had to give a months notice before marriage
Illegal to divorce a pregnant woman or a woman who had given birth in the last year

96
Q

Divorce rates under Brezhnev and why

A

1/3 marriages ended in divorce, often a consequence of alcoholism

97
Q

What was discussed due to population growth decline

A

Birth incentives

98
Q

What was the commissariat for education called and when was it established

A

Narkompros 1917

99
Q

What were taken over in 1918

A

Church schools

100
Q

Illiteracy and uneducated figures under tsar

A

64% illiterate

88% rural kids did not finish primary education

101
Q

What was launched by the bolsheviks in 1917

A

Ambitious programme to provide free compulsory education for all ages 7-17

102
Q

Lack of resources during civil war figure

A

1 pencil to 60 students

103
Q

Why did people not want to be teachers

A

Low status and badly paid

104
Q

Quota system

A

1929 70% if higher education places allocated to people of working class origin, 70% drop out rate

105
Q

1919 what campaign

A

Liquidation of illiteracy

106
Q

What were set up to eradicate illiteracy

A

Liquidation points in towns and rural areas 1920-26 5 mil attended
Rabfaki in factories
Red army recruits had to attend literacy classes

107
Q

What was the literacy league magazine called

A

Down With Illiteracy

108
Q

How many in compulsory education in 1931?

A

Over 20 million

109
Q

How many schools destroyed in WW2

A

82,000

110
Q

When was the quota system abolished.

A

1935

111
Q

1939 literacy levels

A

94% urban 86% rural

112
Q

Why was there chaos in schools in the 1930s

A

Some thought schools should reflect socialist society and education strayed from tradition. Cultural revolution bought chaos into schools

113
Q

What did Stalin have in 1936 great retreat for education

A

Traditional education and academic learning

114
Q

How was education used by Stalin

A

Rewrote history in his favour
Indoctrinated children
Textbooks censored
Russification of ethnic minorities as everything taught in Russian

115
Q

Children ages 10-14 went into what and what did they do

A

Pioneers. Promised love to country Lenin and communist party

116
Q

Komsomol other name, who for and what for

A

Teens and young adults aged 14-28 young communist league.

Volunteers called upon to build industrial centres in first 3 five year plans

117
Q

Equality in education

A

Girls and boys taught the same

118
Q

Who taught science wrong

A

Lysenko

119
Q

Literacy rates in 1959

A

99% urban 98% rural. Figures often overstated

120
Q

Khrushechevs expansion of higher education

A

By 1964 1/2 a million studying part time

Increased opportunities for adult drop outs with 2 milllion attending courses

121
Q

Khrushchev use of Komsomol

A

Used volunteers for virgin lands scheme

122
Q

Destabilisation effect on education

A

History books rewritten to remove favourable connections with Stalin’s name

123
Q

Khrushchevs failed education ideas

A

Focus on technological and vocational skills and knowledge. Dropped by Brezhnev reverted back to traditional academics

124
Q

Komosomol membership

A

1982 40 million

125
Q

Brezhnev interpretation of history

A

Removed any mention of Stalin, gulags and the 1932 famine

126
Q

Adult education under Brezhnev

A

Extensive programme which was supported by tv and radio in the 1980s

127
Q

What increased under Khrushchev that showed there were more sonsumer goods?

A

Per capita consumption annual increase at 3.8%

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