12/01/18 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
How many industrial enterprises closed unde rlenin to move towards communism
A
570
2
Q
What caused unemployment under Lenin
A
WW2 withdraw
3
Q
Compulsory labour what was it
A
Any able man 16-50 could not refuse employment 1918
4
Q
How much labour force unemployed in 1924
A
18%
5
Q
What happened under NEP to inspire productivity?
A
Wage differentials
6
Q
What did Lenin discourage
A
Arteli
7
Q
Why did people not go to labour exchanges
A
To not get a job they didn’t like
8
Q
When was full employment announced
A
1939
9
Q
How many workers from 1928-37
A
11.6 mil- 27mil
10
Q
What meant every labour source was used?
A
Excessive production targets
11
Q
When was there a labour shortage
A
1932
12
Q
Low productivity figure
A
In 1927 average soviet worker produced half that of a British worker
13
Q
When was passport system introduced
A
1933
14
Q
By 1937 what percent of people changed jobs
A
30% every quarter of the year
15
Q
What did passport restriction cause
A
Absenteeism
16
Q
When was absenteeism a criminal offence
A
1939
17
Q
When we’re wage differentials increased under Stalin
A
1931
18
Q
Why did wage differentials under Stalin mean nothing
A
They couldn’t spend it
19
Q
What else did Stalin use to incentivise productivity
A
Medals
20
Q
How many labour inmates where there in 1953
A
2.5 million
21
Q
Who experience unemployment with Khrushchev
A
Graduates and seasons workers
22
Q
When was the working week reduced and what else?
A
1957, increased paid holiday time
23
Q
What was bad about fill emploemeny
A
No job satisfaction
24
Q
When was minimum wage introduced and why was it not always great and why was it great?
A
1956 no one below poverty line, still couldn’t support fam
25
Under Brezhnev real wages rose by what and when
50% 1967-77
26
What were wage differentials under Brezhnev
Good, low enough to not be excessive in quality
27
What did Lenin do to solve housing issues
Took houses from rich and divided up and gave to poor
28
What was not good about housing with Lenin
Party officials got better housing. Not enough housing
29
How did the Moscow population increase under Stalin
2.2 mil 1929-4.1 mil 1936 caused considerable strain on housing
30
What did people live in during industrialising and building new cities?
Mud hits, tents and actual factories
31
Percentage of rented housing with more than one room and when
6% 1936
32
During WW2 how much of Stalingrad lost
90% if it’s housing
33
Under Khrushchev housing programme increased what to what ?
Annual housing space provided by gov, almost 400 million square metres 1961
34
Khrushchev slum Russian name
Khrushchoby
35
What did Brezhnev do for housing?
Investment into agriculture mean some money used for rural housing
36
How many killed by what disease and when
Life spread typhus 1918-20 6 million
37
What did Lenin do about cholera.
Compulsory vaccination programme
38
What did Lenin do about lice spread typhus?
Increased training places for doctors
39
Under Stalin what did he do for health care?
Paid attention to sanitation but not really. Thanks to Lenin more doctors. Number of hospital beds tripled 1928-39
40
Under Khrushchev 4 things on health care
Poly clinics provided all purpose health care
Sanitation taken seriously
Increased health care provision
Problem with quality not quantity
41
How many sanitoria and when
1978 2,000
42
Wrong with health care under Khrushchev and Brezhnev
Equipment outdated
| Hospitals had no heating and running water 1988
43
Lenin social benefits
-work cards so public transport
Ration cards
Paid disability maternity unemployment. Benefits
44
How many people did Lenin cover with paid benefits
9 million
45
How many ration cards held at height
22 million
46
Bad about Lenin social benefits
Peasants did not receive
47
By 1933 most soviet citizens had access to what
Electricity
48
How did Stalin restrict workers complaints
Shut trade unions
49
How did Stalin increase working week
Only allowed one day off every other day
50
Canteen meals under Stalin
Factories and farms supposed to provide meals due to food shortages animal feed and rotten food used to supplement. 1947 communal meals would cost half a workers wage
51
What created inequality in receiving benefits under Stalin
Party first policy
52
By 1953 what did the average soviet citizen have
A job, housing and basic social services but rural life was almost primitive
53
Who did not get rations under Lenin and Stalin
Peasants
54
9th five year plan, when, who, targets were what
1971-75 higher targets for consumer goods than heavy industry although targets were not met but significant improvement
55
1950-80 what increased and by how much
State welfare spending by 5 food
56
1956 pension scheme for who and did it help
For old disabled and sick, retirement age reduced however pensions were insufficient and so many worked past the retirement age
57
Evidence that conditions were still awful under Khrushchev
Industrial centre in Kazakhstan in 1959 so appalled by lack of clean water, food and living conditions they set the canteen on fire and hung their local police chief
58
Under Brezhnev what was good with social benefits
Peasants finally received pension
| Consumer goods focus
59
When did incomes of collective farmers increase
1966
60
In 1970 how much were rural workers wages compared to urban workers
10% less than urban
61
How many alcoholics and when
20 million 1987
62
Example of instability (train)
1977 bomb on Moscow metro killed several in terrorist arrack
63
Other instability (youth)
Hooliganism so course on principles of soviet law was set up to educate youth
64
1917 what was given to women
Vote, equal pay, right to work
65
Who was in charge of the branch of the central committee in charge of women’s status and what was it called
Alexandra Kollontai
| Zhenotdel
66
In 1918 what was declared and how true was it
Equality, attitudes were slow to change and policies slow to be implemented
67
Family code 1918 did what
Divorce easier
| Abortion legal
68
Impact from easy divorce under Lenin and figures
Should help women out of abusive relationships, 70% initiated by men, women abandoned with children
69
Abortions compared to live births number
Abortion became contraception. Outnumbered live births 3:1
70
When we’re post card divorces introduced and impact
1926, in 1920s Russia has highest divorce rate in Europe. Breakup of families created orphan problem
71
How many women in red army during civil war
70,000 few held high ranks
72
How many recruited into factories in civil war and bad part
Millions. Childcare inadequate
73
What happened when men came back
Women expected to give up jobs
| Subsequent famine left women homeless and destitute -> rise in prostitution
74
Campaign against unveiling of women when and what did it involve?
1927, young female activist educated on hygiene and contraception. Attack in male dominated polygamous Central Asia.
75
Successes of campaign for unveiling of women
Islamic women had more opportunities
76
Failures for campaigning of women
Met with violence such as honour killings. Zhentodel meeting in Baku attack’s by Muslim men with dogs
77
When and why was zhenotdel shit down
1930, claimed women’s issues were solved, male dominated party reflection
78
Effect of collectivisation on women
Men left farms and abandoned women and children. Up until 1959 could find entire villages of women. Lack of livestock meant women pulled ploughs themselves
79
Number of female workers rising numbers
3 million 1928- 13 million 1940
80
What did women dominate
Light industry
81
Women in higher education
20% places reserved, 14% already held
| 1940 40% engineering students were women
82
Women in party
16% female part members1932
83
How many women served in armed forces in WW2
800,000
84
By 1950 what were women expected to do?
Work and look after children
85
What was bad in 1936 great retreat
- divorce expensive 4-50 roubles
- abortion outlawed
- divorce harder bad for abusive relationships
86
What was good in 1936 great retreat
Pregnant women guaranteed job security
Maternity leave extended to 16 weeks
Prison sentences for men who did not pay for upkeep of children although not enforced
87
Strengthening of family took place when and what did it entail?
1944. Tax on singles. Divorce more complicated. Mother heroine awards for 10+ children
88
What doubled from 1928-30
Nursery places
89
Who was the first woman in space and when
1963 Valentina Tereshkova
90
By 1960 how much of the work force was female
49%
91
What did Khrushchev extend to the countryside
Maternity benefits and health care
92
How did Khrushchev relieve financial pressure on families
Increased provisions of social benefits ; housing, maternity arrangement, child care and health care
93
When was abortion legalised again
1955
94
Who did Brezhnev dismiss and when
First female full candidate o the presidium Furtseva, who was a favourite of Khrushchev 1964
95
What did the new family code say and when was it made
1968
Couples had to give a months notice before marriage
Illegal to divorce a pregnant woman or a woman who had given birth in the last year
96
Divorce rates under Brezhnev and why
1/3 marriages ended in divorce, often a consequence of alcoholism
97
What was discussed due to population growth decline
Birth incentives
98
What was the commissariat for education called and when was it established
Narkompros 1917
99
What were taken over in 1918
Church schools
100
Illiteracy and uneducated figures under tsar
64% illiterate
| 88% rural kids did not finish primary education
101
What was launched by the bolsheviks in 1917
Ambitious programme to provide free compulsory education for all ages 7-17
102
Lack of resources during civil war figure
1 pencil to 60 students
103
Why did people not want to be teachers
Low status and badly paid
104
Quota system
1929 70% if higher education places allocated to people of working class origin, 70% drop out rate
105
1919 what campaign
Liquidation of illiteracy
106
What were set up to eradicate illiteracy
Liquidation points in towns and rural areas 1920-26 5 mil attended
Rabfaki in factories
Red army recruits had to attend literacy classes
107
What was the literacy league magazine called
Down With Illiteracy
108
How many in compulsory education in 1931?
Over 20 million
109
How many schools destroyed in WW2
82,000
110
When was the quota system abolished.
1935
111
1939 literacy levels
94% urban 86% rural
112
Why was there chaos in schools in the 1930s
Some thought schools should reflect socialist society and education strayed from tradition. Cultural revolution bought chaos into schools
113
What did Stalin have in 1936 great retreat for education
Traditional education and academic learning
114
How was education used by Stalin
Rewrote history in his favour
Indoctrinated children
Textbooks censored
Russification of ethnic minorities as everything taught in Russian
115
Children ages 10-14 went into what and what did they do
Pioneers. Promised love to country Lenin and communist party
116
Komsomol other name, who for and what for
Teens and young adults aged 14-28 young communist league.
| Volunteers called upon to build industrial centres in first 3 five year plans
117
Equality in education
Girls and boys taught the same
118
Who taught science wrong
Lysenko
119
Literacy rates in 1959
99% urban 98% rural. Figures often overstated
120
Khrushechevs expansion of higher education
By 1964 1/2 a million studying part time
| Increased opportunities for adult drop outs with 2 milllion attending courses
121
Khrushchev use of Komsomol
Used volunteers for virgin lands scheme
122
Destabilisation effect on education
History books rewritten to remove favourable connections with Stalin’s name
123
Khrushchevs failed education ideas
Focus on technological and vocational skills and knowledge. Dropped by Brezhnev reverted back to traditional academics
124
Komosomol membership
1982 40 million
125
Brezhnev interpretation of history
Removed any mention of Stalin, gulags and the 1932 famine
126
Adult education under Brezhnev
Extensive programme which was supported by tv and radio in the 1980s
127
What increased under Khrushchev that showed there were more sonsumer goods?
Per capita consumption annual increase at 3.8%
