12/13: Reserve Design Flashcards
(45 cards)
Definition of a protected area
A clearly defined geographic space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values
Protected areas may prohibit or allow…
Prohibit access by people
or allow recreational, traditional, hunting, fishing, logging, mining, agricultre, residential
What are the six IUCN protected area designations
1a. Strict nature reserves
1b. Wildnerness area
2. National park
3. Natural monument or feature
4. Habitat/species management area
5. Protected landscape/seascape
6. Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
What are the United Nations Conventions on Biodiversities targets
By 2020, protect 17% of land and 10% of marine areas (failed marine)
What are the three criteria that need to be met to make the IUCN green list of protected and conserved areas
- need to have good governance
- have good design/planned
- be properly enforced
Five steps for preserving ecosystems
slide 13
What are the priorities for choosing what areas to conserve?
- distinctiveness
- endangerment
- utility
Types of approaches you can take when protecting areas
Species approach
Ecosystem approach
Hotspot approach
What is gap analysis
Identifying mismatch in what is protected vs what should be
Overlay biological characteristics with protection status to identify gaps in coverage
Slide 17/18
What % of species have insufficient protected areas
57%
What are the four R’s of protected areas? *
- Representation (should contain as many features of biodiv as possible)
- Resiliency (maintain aspects of biodiv into the future)
- Redundancy (how much buffer do you have)
- Reality (sufficient funds, political will to protect/regulate/manage)
What is the guiding theory on how to prevent species extinction
Island biogeography
slide 29
graphic
Seven reserve design questions
- how large must it be to protect biodiv
- better to have single large or multiple small?
- how many endangered species must be included to prevent local extinction
- best shape?
- network of areas? proximity to each other?
- most cost-effective way to design/achieve con goals
- most effective way to spend money?
What is the SLOSS debate?
Single large or several small
Incorporating costs/tradeoffs when choosing conservation priority areas
Slide 32***
Shafer’s 11 rules of reserve design
Large parks and protected areas contain larger… and lower…
larger populations of each species than small parks and have lower extinction rates
What is the frodo effect
Some small habitats have disproportionately large conservation value
What is Natura 2000
Protected areas in the EU
18% of their land and 6% of marine areas
Targets areas that ensure survival of Europe’s most valuable & threatened species and habitats
Reserve design often emphasizes what?
Connectivity. Maintain large core areas with corridors btw. Prevents sub-division of pop
Population sub-division causes what?
- loss of ecosystem function
- loss of genetic exchange; adaptability
- chance extinctions due to small pop
Metapopulation theory*
know graph**slide 41
What is structural connectivity vs functional connectivity
Structural: physical habitat types or features that are assumed to promote movement of organisms
Functional: actual movement of organisms through landscapes that cannot be assumed from structure
Graph vs circuit theory of connectivity
Graph: look at quality of areas and how they are best connected
Circuit: measures networks ability to carry current pop between source and sink nodes
