12-A

Question 1

What are the four mainstream types of operating systems?

Answer 1

• Business client
• Network Operating System (NOS)
• Home client
• Cell phone (smartphone)/Tablet

These types serve different environments and purposes in computing.

Question 2

What is a Business client OS?

Answer 2

An OS designed to work as a client in centrally managed business domain networks.

This type is sometimes referred to generically as a workstation.

Question 3

What is a Network Operating System (NOS)?

Answer 3

An OS designed to run servers in business networks.

Question 4

What is a Home client OS?

Answer 4

An OS designed to work as a standalone machine or in a workgroup network in a home or small office.

Question 5

What is a Cell phone (smartphone)/Tablet OS?

Answer 5

An OS designed to work with a handheld portable device, requiring a touch-operated interface.

Question 6

What versions of Windows support business and home use?

Answer 6

• Windows 10
• Windows 11

These versions are released in different editions tailored for specific use cases.

Question 7

What are Windows Server 2019 and Windows Server 2022 optimized for?

Answer 7

They are optimized for use as Network Operating Systems (NOSs).

Question 8

What is unique about macOS in terms of hardware compatibility?

Answer 8

macOS is only supplied with Apple-built workstations and laptops.

Question 9

What is the kernel of macOS derived from?

Answer 9

UNIX.

Question 10

List three supported versions of macOS mentioned.

Answer 10

• 10.15 (Catalina)
• 11 (Big Sur)
• 12 (Monterey)

These versions have specific limitations based on the models of Mac computers.

Question 11

What is UNIX known for?

Answer 11

A family of operating systems with a kernel/shell architecture, developed at Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s.

Question 12

What is Linux primarily derived from?

Answer 12

UNIX.

Question 13

What are some notable Linux distributions?

Answer 13

• SUSE
• Red Hat
• Fedora
• Debian
• Ubuntu
• Mint
• Arch

Each distribution maintains its own set of packages and support options.

Question 14

What are the two release models used by Linux distros?

Answer 14

• Standard release model
• Rolling release model

Question 15

What is Chrome OS primarily developed for?

Answer 15

To run on specific laptop (Chromebook) and PC (Chromebox) hardware.

Question 16

What is the primary function of Chrome OS?

Answer 16

To use web applications hosted on a server.

Question 17

What is Apple iOS designed for?

Answer 17

Apple’s iPhone smartphones and original models of the iPad tablet.

Question 18

What distinguishes Android from iOS?

Answer 18

Android is an open-source OS based on Linux, while iOS is a closed-source OS.

Question 19

What is NTFS?

Answer 19

New Technology File System, a proprietary file system developed by Microsoft for use with Windows.

Question 20

What are the key features of NTFS?

Answer 20

• Journaling
• Snapshots
• Security
• POSIX Compliance
• Indexing
• Dynamic Disks

Question 21

What is FAT32?

Answer 21

A variant of the FAT file system that supports volumes up to 2 TB and maximum file size of 4 GB minus 1 byte.

Question 22

What is exFAT designed for?

Answer 22

Use with removable hard drives and flash media.

Question 23

What file systems do most Linux distributions use?

Answer 23

Some version of the extended (ext) file system, typically ext3 or ext4.

Question 24

What file system does Apple use for its workstations and laptops?

Answer 24

Apple File System (APFS).

Question 25

What are the categories of compatibility concerns when supporting devices with different OSs?

Answer 25

* OS compatibility with device hardware * Software app compatibility with an OS * Host-to-host compatibility for data exchange * User training requirements

Question 26

What is a public beta phase in the vendor life cycle?

Answer 26

A phase used to gather user feedback before the official release.

Question 27

What happens during the supported phase of a vendor life cycle?

Answer 27

Regular patches and feature upgrades are released.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the public beta phase?

Answer 28

To gather user feedback ## Footnote This phase allows users to test early versions of software and provide input before the official release.

Question 29

What program does Microsoft operate for early release Windows versions?

Answer 29

Windows Insider Program ## Footnote Users can sign up to receive and test early versions of Windows and feature updates.

Question 30

What occurs during the supported phase of a product?

Answer 30

Regular patches and feature upgrades are released ## Footnote This phase involves actively marketing the product while addressing critical security and operational issues.

Question 31

What is the status of devices during the extended support phase?

Answer 31

No longer commercially available but still receive critical patches ## Footnote Devices in this phase may or may not be able to install OS upgrades.

Question 32

What does an end of life (EOL) system signify?

Answer 32

No longer supported by its developer or vendor ## Footnote EOL systems do not receive security updates, posing critical vulnerabilities.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: An EOL system no longer receives _______.

Answer 33

security updates ## Footnote This lack of updates can lead to significant security risks.

Question 34

Apart from Windows and macOS, what operating system options are there for client PCs installed to a local network?

Answer 34

Linux distributions, Chrome OS, and BSD ## Footnote These operating systems can be used for various applications in local network environments.

Question 35

What issue arises when an older-model Android smartphone shows 'No updates available'?

Answer 35

The device may no longer support the latest Android version ## Footnote Advise the customer to check for manufacturer support or consider upgrading the device.

Question 36

What feature of modern file systems assists recovery after power outages or OS crash events?

Answer 36

Journaling ## Footnote Journaling helps maintain data integrity by keeping a log of changes made before they are finalized.

Question 37

What issue arises when an iOS app is questioned about its compatibility with macOS?

Answer 37

Compatibility between iOS and macOS applications ## Footnote You might explain that not all iOS apps can run on macOS without modification.