12. Approaches to the Study of Intelligence Flashcards
(23 cards)
Componential sub theory/analytic intelligence
In Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, an information-processing model of intelligence that includes three types of components; knowledge acquisition, performance, and metacomponents
Contextual sub theory/practical intelligence
In Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, the idea that intelligence must be viewed in terms of the context in which it occurs
Crystallized abilities
In Cattell’s theory of intelligence, intellectual abilities that develop from cultural context and learning experience; contrast with fluid abilities
Cultural relativism
The idea that intellectual skills critical for survival in one’s culture may not be important in another
Developmental quotient (DQ) tests
A test of infant abilities, such as the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Deviation IQ
Method of constructing IQ scores that compares a child’s performance to that of other children the same age; contrast with mental age
Experiential sub theory/creative intelligence
In Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, the sub theory concerned with how prior knowledge influences performance, specifically with the individual’s ability to deal with novelty and the degree to which processing is automatized
Factor analysis
A statistical technique used to define mental factors by analyzing results from intelligence tests
Factors
In psychometric approaches to intelligence, a set of related mental skills (such as verbal or spatial skills) that underlies intellectual functioning
Fluid abilities
In Cattell’s theory of intelligence, intellectual abilities that are biologically determined and reflected in tests of memory span and spatial thinking; contrast with crystallized abilities
g/Spearman’s g/general intelligence
In psychometric theory, the idea that intelligence can be expressed in terms of a single factor, general intelligence, or g, first formulated by Spearman in the early 1900s
Hierarchical model of cognitive abilities
Model proposing that intelligence is composed of specific cognitive abilities (for example, verbal, spatial, speed of processing, memory) that are intercorrelated and influenced by a higher-order general intellectual factor, g
Intelligence
Acting or thinking in ways that are goal directed and adaptive
Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests
Aptitude tests, such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Scales, intended to measure aspects of intellectual functioning
Mental age
Level of mental functioning (in years) as measured by the number of items passed on an intelligence test, formerly used in determining IQ scores; contrast with deviation IQ
Positive manifold
In psychometric approaches to intelligence, the high correlations among scores on sets of cognitive tests that have little in common with one another in terms of content or types of strategies used
Psychometric (differential) approaches
The theory that intelligence can be described in terms of mental factors and that tests can be constructed that reveal individual differences in the factors underlying mental performance
Pygmalion effect
A form of self-fulfilling prophecy, in which a person internalizes the expectations of an authority figure
Stanford-Binet
An individually administered IQ test
Stereotype threat
Phenomenon in which minority members perform worse on IQ or other tests after being reminded of the negative stereotype concerning their group’s performance on such tests
Theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner’s theory postulating eight (possibly nine) components, or modules, of intelligence: (1) linguistic, (2) logical-mathematical, (3) musical, (4) spatial, (5) bodily-kinesthetic, (6) interpersonal, (7) interpersonal, and (8) naturalistic
Theory of successful intelligence/theory of triarchie intelligence
Sternberg’s theory that describes intelligence in terms of three sub theories; contextual, experiential, and componential
Wechsler scales
Individually administered IQ tests, including the WPPSI, WISC, and WAIS
