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Biophysics 2 (LAB) > 12. Audiometry > Flashcards

12. Audiometry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Intensity?

A

an objective, physical quantity characterizing the stimulus arriving at the ear.

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2
Q

What does the sensation of loudness depend on?

A

on the frequency (pitch) and the intensity of sound.

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3
Q

Does the value of loudness vary directly with intensity?

A

No

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4
Q

Weber-Fechner’s law

A

A logarithmic scale has been used to describe the response of the ear to stimuli of different intensity

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5
Q

Stevens’ law

A
  • The loudness – intensity relationship corresponds well to the universal psychophysical power law
  • Describes the relationship between the stimulus and the sensation valid for every sensory process
    • where S is the power of sensation, and n is the exponent corresponding to the particular sensory process.
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6
Q

Which processes can explain the strong frequency dependence of hearing at the level of mechanical oscillations

A

Resonance processes of the outer and inner ear

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7
Q

What does this figure plot? Name of the curve

A

plot of intensity level versus frequency for sounds of equal loudness

→ equal- loudness curves

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8
Q

The points corresponding to ___ may connected into the isophon curves.

A

equal loudness

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9
Q

What is reference intensity?

A

Sound intensity that can just be heard at the reference frequency (1000 Hz)

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10
Q

How to calculate The intensity level of an arbitrary sound (JdB) measured in decibels

A

The intensity level of an arbitrary sound (JdB) measured in decibels (dB) corresponding to sound’s intensity (J ) is defined as:

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11
Q

What is the hearing-threshold contour defined as?

A

0 phon loudness level.

→ This is the lowest contour in the equal-loudness contour plot

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12
Q

The hearing-threshold contour is defined as the 0 phon loudness level. This is the lowest contour in the equal-loudness contour plot.

→ By raising the intensity level of the reference frequency to 10, 20, 30, … dB, ___ of 10, 20, 30, … phon were determined

A

the respective equal-loudness contours

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13
Q

How to calculate the loudness level ( Lphon) of the sound?

A

The loudness level ( Lphon) of the sound corresponds to the intensity level of the reference sound (Weber-Fechner law) as:

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14
Q

What does this expression mean?

A

This means that the loudness level ( Lphon) in phons is equal to the dB value of the intensity level of the reference sound (JdB 1000Hz ).

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15
Q

It was found that increasing the loudness level by 10 phons corresponds to ___

A

doubling the sound sensation

→ 20 phons correspond 4 to times louder and 30 phons to 8 times louder sound, and so on.

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16
Q

Do the values of the „Weber-Fechner-type phon-scale” reflect the linear change in our hearing sensation.?

A

Unfortunately, the values of the „Weber-Fechner-type phon-scale” do not reflect the linear change in our hearing sensation.

→ The values corresponding to the sound heard 2, 3, or 4 times louder are expected to have corresponding loudness level values 2, 3, 4 times higher.

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17
Q

Describe sone values

A

the sone values corresponding to the unchanged equal-loudness curves but reflecting the linear psychophysical sensation.

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18
Q

What is the fundamental point of this „sone scale” of loudness?

A

The fundamental point of this „sone scale” of loudness is the 40-dB intensity level of the reference sound which is, by definition, 1 sone.

1 sone = 40 phons.

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19
Q

What does this graph indicate?

A

Loudness as a function of intensity is plotted in Fig. 2 based on a large number of measurements of the loudness estimates of different people.

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20
Q

Auditory organs need some __ for determining loudness.

A

time

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21
Q

Auditory organs need some time for determining loudness. The total time necessary for this process is approximately (1)____ (number) seconds in healthy individuals, but it can be (2)___ in the hearing-impaired.

A
  • 0.2
  • longer
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22
Q

What is audiometry?

A

Testing of hearing by means of an audiometer

→ i.e, testing of hearing by recording the threshold of hearing as a function of frequency.

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23
Q

3 aims of audiometry

A
  • to measure the extent of hearing loss of the patient
  • to monitor the effects of a loud working environment in certain professions
  • to adjust the hearing aid of the patient
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24
Q

What does A condition of sensory-neural hearing loss mean?

A

permanent damage or defects in the inner ear.

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25
What happen In the case of conductive hearing loss?
an obstacle prevents sound from reaching the inner ear.
26
2 tests for examination of hearing
**pure-tone audiometry** or **speech audiometry**
27
The hearing threshold of hearing-impaired patients is \_\_\_(higher/lower) than that of healthy individuals
Higher
28
How is hearing loss measured?
* It is measured at different frequencies by pure-tone audiometry (using harmonic sound waves) as: hearing loss = measured threshold of hearing – normal threshold of hearing = *J *dB measured –*J *dB norm
29
How is hearing loss determined in **hearing-threshold audiometry?**
hearing loss is determined in dB units (*J*dB) → since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals
30
Can we use the phon or sone scale for hearing loss measurement?
No → since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals.
31
Fill the gap
32
In the so-called \_\_\_**,** hearing loss is determined in dB units (*J*dB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals.
**hearing-threshold audiometry**
33
In the so-called **hearing-threshold audiometry,** hearing loss is determined in dB units (*J*dB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for ___ individuals.
**healthy**
34
In the so-called **hearing-threshold audiometry,** hearing loss is determined in dB units (*J*dB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals. A straight line at 0 dB (Fig. 3) represents \_\_\_
**the curve of the normal threshold of hearing.**
35
In the so-called **hearing-threshold audiometry,** hearing loss is determined in dB units (*J*dB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals. → A straight line at 0 dB (Fig. 3) represents the curve of the normal threshold of hearing. →\_\_\_\_ appears below this line, and differences from the normal values are plotted.
**Increased threshold of hearing**
36
What is the **The pure-tone audiometer?**
a device that generates an output of harmonic (sinusoidal) voltage of adjustable frequencies in air-conduction headphones (N.B.: bone conduction exists as well).
37
**The pure-tone audiometer** is a device that generates an output of harmonic (sinusoidal) voltage of adjustable frequencies in air-conduction headphones (N.B.: bone conduction exists as well). → The adjustable frequency (pitch of the generated sound) spans the ___ audible range and can be set in octave steps.
entire
38
_The pure-tone audiometer_ What does the output voltage of the sound generator determine?
the intensity level (loudness) of the sound generated in the headphones.
39
Audiograms of the left and right ear are measured separately with the active co-operation of the examined person. → After the **air-conduction threshold** of hearing, the ___ of hearing is usually determined
**bone-conduction threshold**
40
Audiograms of the left and right ear are measured separately with the active co-operation of the examined person. → After the ___ of hearing, the **bone-conduction threshold** of hearing is usually determined
**air-conduction threshold**
41
Does the outer ear and inner ear participate in **bone-conduction threshold?**
No
42
The bone-conduction threshold of hearing is much \_\_\_\_(higher/lower) than the air-conduction one (less sensitive by 40-60 dB)
higher
43
The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the (1)\_\_\_ (number) types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of normal hearing.
2
44
The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the two types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of \_\_\_
normal hearing.
45
How to do **air-conduction threshold** of hearing and the **bone-conduction threshold** of hearing at the same time?
A bone vibrator is attached closely to the mastoid process behind on of the ears, while the hearing of the other ear is suppressed by the addition of air-conducted white noise
46
The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the two types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of normal hearing. → The differences of the two audiograms will indicate the \_\_\_\_
injuries of the middle ear.
47
The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the two types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of normal hearing. → What will indicate the injuries of the middle ear?
The differences of the two audiograms
48
What is **sound dose** (***D***)?
Exposure to loud noises causes hearing loss that is proportional to the amount of sound that arrived into the ear
49
Formula for **sound dose** (***D***)
Sound dose is proportional to its intensity and duration (*D = J* 􏰮 *t*).
50
Damage of the hair cells of the organ of Corti has been shown to occur in experimental animals exposed to \_\_\_(Fig. 4). The damage was the greatest at positions along the ___ corresponding to the sound frequencies used.
* loud noise * basal membrane
51
Gradual loss of hearing with age is a natural process (*presbycusis, presbyacusis, presbycusia*) → The process begins at the age of 20 and results in a \_\_\_
gradual decrease of the highest audible frequency of the person
52
Assign the axis title for this audiograms
53
Hearing is impaired if hearing loss exceeds ___ (number with unit), as marked by thick line on the audiogram (Fig. 6).
30 dB
54
Hearing is impaired if hearing loss exceeds 30 dB, as marked by thick line on the audiogram (Fig. 6). Dashed lines mark \_\_\_ The upper envelope of the shaded region represents\_\_\_
* the usual frequency range of the noise- induced hearing loss. * the normal threshold for pain.
55
Increased threshold of hearing means that one can hear only \_\_\_\_
sounds of higher intensity than the normal threshold of hearing at a given frequency.
56
PLAN OF THE MEASUREMENT,
1. Determine the voltage (*U)* corresponding to your threshold of hearing at the given frequencies by using equation (10). 2. Calculate the hearing threshold intensities (*J*own) from the voltages by using equation (11) and convert them into dB units (*J*dB own) according to equation (12). 3. Plot your own threshold of hearing contour on the „NORMAL THRESHOLD OF HEARING” graph (Fig. 9 upper graph). 4. Read the normal threshold of hearing values at given frequencies from the given plot *J*dB norm , and calculate the difference *J*dB own – *J*dB norm. 5. Plot your own „AUDIOGRAM”, that is, the difference *versus* frequency graph. (Fig. 9 lower plot).
57
What is SPEED OF SOUND WAVES?
product of wavelength and frequency
58
What is sound pressure?
harmonic pressure variation superimposed on the equilibrium pressure of the medium (e.g., atmospheric pressure, *p*atm).
59
Definition of SOUND INTENSITY
amount of energy delivered by the sound wave to 1 m2 area in 1 s time. → It is the average power of the sound (*P*) incident perpendicularly to a surface divided by the surface area *(A): J* 􏰪 *P* / *A* . I → t can also be expressed as the square of the effective value of the pressure ( *p*rms) divided by the acoustic impedance (*Z* ):
60
Definition of COEFFICIENT OF REFLECTION (REFLECTIVITY)
ratio of the reflected and incident sound intensities.
61
What is pitch?
physiological sensation of the height of the sound note, which is a logarithmic function of frequency (valid up to 1 kHz)
62
What is Fourier theorem?
any signal (sound) can be decomposed into series of harmonic (sinusoidal) signals of specific frequencies, amplitudes and phase. → The reverse process, called harmonic Fourier synthesis, is the reconstruction of any waveform from its harmonic components.
63
What is the harmonic Fourier synthesis?
the reconstruction of any waveform from its harmonic components.
64
What is TIMBRE (TONE, TONALITY)?
It is determined by the relative amplitudes of the fundamental frequency and harmonics in the Fourier spectrum of the waveform. Hence, we can distinguish pure sine wave, music, noise, and transient (e.g., drumbeat). ( quality of auditory sensations produced by the tone of a sound wave.)
65
What is reference intensity?
→ Intensity of the threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz. *J*0 = 10 -12 W/m2. → This is the average auditory threshold of young, healthy individuals.
66
What is INTENSITY LEVEL (SPL)?
Logarithm of the intensity ratio → The unit of the intensity level is the decibel (dB).
67
What is LOUDNESS LEVEL (phon)?
Sound of different frequency appears of the same loudness level at different intensities. → This fact is expressed in the equal-loudness curve plot. → Phon value of the sound of any frequency equals the dB value of the reference sound (1000 Hz, sin) producing the same perception of loudness level. *→ L*phon *= J*dB 1000Hz .
68
What is LOUDNESS (sone)?
psychophysical quantity, the value of which represents how loud we feel a sound of given intensity. → *1 sone = 40 phon.* *→ Loudness* *and* *sone* *values double by every 10 phons.*
69
What is impaired hearing?
above a certain loudness level, impairment is proportional to the received dose of the sound, which is the product of intensity (*J* ) and time (*t*) (*D = J*􏰮 *t*).
70
Definition of ## Footnote THRESHOLD OF HEARING (AUDITORY THRESHOLD)
the smallest intensity of sound at a given frequency that the human ear can just hear. By plotting the threshold of hearing as a function of frequency, the threshold of hearing curve is obtained.
71
What is THRESHOLD OF PAIN?
the highest intensity of sound that one can tolerate for a short time without any harm (approximately 10 W/m2).
72
What is audiogram?
the hearing loss (dB) *versus* frequency plot.
73
Fill the gap

Biophysics 2 (LAB) (13 decks)

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