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biology topic 1 > 1.2 biological molecules > Flashcards

1.2 biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

define disaccharide

A

macromolecule consisting of two sugar molecules joining by a glycosidic bond

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2
Q

what’s a monomer

A

a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called polymer

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3
Q

what’s a polymer

A

a polymer is a long chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

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4
Q

what’s a macromolecule

A

its a very large molecule often formed by polymerisation

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5
Q

what are isomers

A

are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

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6
Q

describe monosaccharides

A

single sugar molecule
made by photosynthesis
the energy source for respiration
always contain c=o and at least 2 OH

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7
Q

what’s a pentose sugar

A

is a sugar with 5 carbon atoms e.g deoxyribose

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8
Q

what is starch

A

a long chain polymer formed of alpha glucose monomers

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9
Q

what is sucrose

A

sweet tasting dissaccharide formed by the joining of alpha glucose and fructose by a glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what is glucose

A

a hexose sugar

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11
Q

define polysaccharide

A

is a polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharides units joined by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what’s a triose sugar

A

a sugar with 3 carbon atoms

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13
Q

what’s a pentose sugar

A

a sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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14
Q

what’s a ribose

A

its a pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA

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15
Q

define a deoxyribose

A

is a pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA

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16
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a nucleic acid which can act as the genetic material in some organisms an is involved in protein synthetic

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17
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

A

a nucleic acid that acts as the genetic material in many organisms

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18
Q

what’s a condensation reaction

A

its a reaction that in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecule as a bond is formed between them

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19
Q

what’s a glycosidic bond

A

its a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

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20
Q

what are reducing sugars

A

sugars that react with blue Benedicts solution and reduce copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey red precipitate

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21
Q

what are non-reducing sugars

A

sugars that don’t react with bendicts solution

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22
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

molecules with 3-10 monosaccharides units

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23
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

is a reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water

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24
Q

amylose?

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A

complex carbohydrate containing only glucose monomers joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds so the molecules formed long unbranched chains

25
amylopectin?
complex carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly
26
what glycogen
its made up of many alpha glucose units joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds but but also has 1,6 glycosidic bonds, giving many side branches
27
what's cellulose
its a complex carbohydrate with beta glucose monomers held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds, its very important in plant call walls
28
What are lipids
Lipids are a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms.
29
what are lipids
Lipids are a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms. They include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.
30
what's a fatty acid
A fatty acid is an organic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain.
31
what is glycerol
Glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol, an important component of triglycerides.
32
what ar ester bonds
An ester bond is a bond formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol.
33
what is a saturated fatty acid
A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond.
34
what is a unsaturated fatty acid
An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them.
35
what is a monounsaturated fatty acid
monounsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
36
what is a polyunsaturated fatty chain
A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
37
what is esterification
Esterification is the formation of ester bonds.
38
what are phospholipids
A phospholipid is a chemical in which glycerol bonds with two fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group.
39
hydrophilic
molecules dissolve readily in water
40
hydrophobic
molecules will not dissolve in water
41
monolayer
is a single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules
42
what's a Michele
A micelle is a spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside.
43
a bilayer
is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules
44
what's a unit membrane
A unit membrane is a bilayer structure formed by phospholipids in an aqueous environment. with the hydrophobic tails in the middle and the hydrophilic heads on the outside.
45
what's a protease
its a protein-digesting enzyme
46
what's a lipoprotein
its a protein with a lipid prosthetic group
47
what's a glycoprotein
its a protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group
48
what's a prosthetic group
its a molecule that is incorporated in a conjugated protein
49
define denaturation
its a loss of the 3D shape of a protein e.g as a result of changes in temperature or PH
50
what is collagen
its a strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure
51
what are amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, consisting, of an amino group (-NH) and a carboxy group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids.
52
what's a peptide bond
the bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids
53
what's a dipeptide
two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
54
whats a polypeptide
a long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
55
what are fibrous proteins
are proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that form into fibres, but with little tertiary structure.
56
what's a disulphide bond
its a strong covalent bond formed as a result of an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide
57
what are globular proteins
are large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes.
58
what is haemoglobin
its a large conjugated protein involved in transporting oxygen in the blood, and gives the erythrocytes their red colour

biology topic 1 (4 decks)

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