1.2 Cardio Vascular And Respiriatory Systems Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What does the pulmonary circuit do?
A
-Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
-oxygenated blood back to the heart
2
Q
What does the systemic circuit do?
A
-Carries oxygenated blood to the body
-deoxygenated blood back to the heart
3
Q
What’s the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle called?
A
Tricuspid valve
4
Q
Where do you find the tricuspid valves?
A
Between right atrium and right ventricle
5
Q
What are valves between the left atrium and left ventricle?
A
Bicuspid valves
6
Q
Where do I find bicuspid valves?
A
Between left atrium and left ventricle
7
Q
What are the valves that exit the heart called?
A
Semi lunar valves
8
Q
What does myogenic mean?
A
The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse which causes the cardiac muscle to contract
9
Q
Is the cardiac muscle myogenic?
A
Yes
10
Q
What are the five structures in the conduction system?
A
-SA Node
-AV Node
-Bundle of His
-Bundle branches
-purkinje fibres
11
Q
How do you workout cardiac output? Litres per min
A
Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
12
Q
What is venous return?
A
The return of the blood to the right atria through the veins
13
Q
What is stroke volume?
A
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
14
Q
What is Bradycardia?
A
A resting heart rate below 60bpm
15
Q
What is the Heart Rate?
A
The number of times the heart beats per minute
16
Q
What is the normal resting heart rate?
A
72 bpm
17
Q
What is sub-maximal?
A
A low to moderate intensity of exercise within a performers aerobic capacity
18
Q
What is maximal?
A
A high intensity of exercise above a performers aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue
19
Q
Where in the heart is the thickest?
A
The left ventricle wall
20
Q
What’s is the full name for the SA node?
A
Sino-atrial node
21
Q
Where is the SA node located?
A
In the right atrial wall
22
Q
What’s the full name for the AV node?
A
Atrio-ventricular node
23
Q
How long does the AV node delay the electrical impulse for?
A
0.1 seconds
24
Q
Why does the AV node delay the electrical impulse?
A
To allow the atria to finish contracting
25
Where does the AV node release the electrical impulse to?
Bundle of his
26
Where is the bundle of His located in the heart?
In the septum
27
Where is the bundle of His located in the heart?
In the septum
28
What does the bundle of His do?
Collects the electrical impulse from the AV node
Splits the impulse into 2
This is so that it’s ready to be distributed through each separate ventricle
29
What do the bundle branches do?
Carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle
30
What do the purkinje fibres do?
These distribute the impulse through the ventricle wall causing them to contract
31
Define diastole
The relaxation phase where the chambers fill with blood
32
Define systole
The contraction phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery
33
Explain how diastole works
As the atria and then ventricles relax, they expand which draws blood into the atria
The pressure in the atria increases which opens the AV valves
Blood passively enters the ventricles
SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart
34
Explain atrial systole
The atria contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ventricles
35
Explain ventricular systole
The ventricles contract, increasing the pressure closing the AV valves to prevent back flow into the atria
SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery
36
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
37
What’s the difference between stroke volume and cardiac output?
Stroke volume is per beat
Cardiac output is per minute
38
What’s the average resting stroke volume?
70ml
39
What is ventricular elasticity?
Refers to the degree of stretch in the cardiac muscle fibres
40
What is cardiac output measured in?
Litres per minute
41
What kind of exercise will induce fatigue?
Maximal
42
How do you work out your max heart rate?
220 - your age = HR max
43
When doing sub maximal exercise, the heart rate can plateau, why is this?
As we reach a comfortable steady state
It represents the supply meeting demand for oxygen delivery and waste removal
44
Which hormone makes heart rate rise a little in anticipation for exercise?
Adrenaline
45
In sub maximal exercise, at what working capacity does stroke volume plateau?
40-60 percent working capacity
46
What does Frank Starling mechanism show?
How stroke volume is dependent on venous return
An increase in blood returning means greater elasticity and therefore more ejecting
47
Why does the stroke volume reach a plateau during sub maximal exercise?
Because the heart rate is increased, it doesn’t allow time for the ventricles to completely fill with blood in the diastolic phase.
It limits the frank starling mechanism
48
What does CCC stand for?
Cardiac control centre
49
What are the three types of control in the CCC
neural control
Intrinsic control
Hormonal control
50
What are the three receptors in the neural control in the CCC
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
51
What do chemoreceptors do?
Located in the muscles, aorta and carotid arteries.
Inform the CCC of chemical changes in the blood stream such as CO2 and LACTID ACID
52
What do proprioceptors do?
Located in the muscles reminds and joints
Inform the CCC of MOTOR activity
53
Baroreceptors what do they do?
Located in the blood vessel walls
I firm the CCC of increased BLOOD PRESSURE
54
What are the two parts of intrinsic control?
Temperature changes
Venous return changes
55
In intrinsic control, what does temperature affect?
Changes the viscosity (thickness) of the blood and stepped of nerve impulse transmission
56
What does venous return change do in intrinsic control?
Venous return changes will affect the stretch in the ventricle walls, force of ventricular contraction and therefore stroke volume
57
What are the two hormones in the hormonal control part of the CCC?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
58
What do adrenaline and noradrenaline do?
increase the force of ventricular contraction and increasing the speed of electrical activity through the heart
59
What does the vagus nerve do?
Decreases heart rate
60
What does accelerator nerve do?
Increases heart rate and force of contraction
61
Where in the brain is the CCC?
Medulla oblongata
62
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Party of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR
Specifically during exercisee
63
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR specifically during recovery
64
Define vasodilate?
Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters
65
define vasoconstrict
narrowing of arterioles, arterioles and precapillary sphincters
66
difference between venodilate and vesodilate?
Veno is the dilation of veins and venules
Vaso is the dilation of arteries and arterioles
67
What are capillary walls like?
Single cell thick
Thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange
68
What do veins and venules do?
Transport deoxygenated blood back from the muscles and organs to the heart
69
What forms veins?
Venules leaving the capillary bed reconnect to form veins
70
Which is the main vein in the body?
Vena cava
71
Which kind of muscle in veins and venules allow them to constrict and dilate?
Smooth muscle
allows them to maintain the slow flow of blood towards the heart
72
Which valves in veins prevent back flow of blood?
One-way pocket valves
73
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent back flow of blood as it travels against gravity
74
What does smooth muscle do?
The layer of smooth muscle venoconstricts to create venomotor tone which aids the movement of blood
75
What is inspiration?
Drawing of air into the lungs
76
What is expiration?
Expelling of air from the lungs
77
What is blood pooling?
Accumulation of blood into the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return
78
What is active recovery?
Low intensity activity after exercising to maintain elevated heart and breathing rates
79
What is muscle pump?
During exercise, muscles contract and compress the veins between them and squeeze the blood back to the heart
80
What is the respiratory pump?
During inspiration and expiration, a pressure difference between the thoracic and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing the blood back to the heart.
During exercise the respiratory pump is maximised
81
What is the vascular shunt mechanism?
Redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the muscles
82
What is the vasomotor control centre?
The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution
83
What controls cardiac output distribution?
Vasomotor control centre VCC
84
What is vasomotor tone?
The partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls
85
At rest, what is the average cardiac output?
5 L/min
86
what is cardiac output measured in?
litres per minue l/min
87
during rest how much blood is required round the organs?
75% of the blood goes to the organs during rest
88
during exercise how much blood is required at the muscles?
approximately 88% at maximum effort
89
why after we finish exercise might we feel light headed with heavy legs?
after exercise the cardiac output is still high but not enough pressure to return it back to the heart
the blood might sit in the pocket valves and cause blood pooling
90
why is it important to do active recovery?
maintains the muscle and respiratory pump to help the return of blood back to the heart
91
what are the 5 venous return mechanisms?
1. Pocket Valves
2. Smooth muscle
3. Gravity
4. Muscle pump
5. Respiratory pump
92
how is smooth muscle a venous return mechanism?
the layer of smooth muscle in the vein walls venoconstricts to create venomotor tone to help the blood return to the heart
93
how is gravity a venous return mechanism?
the blood from the upper body is helped by gravity to return back to the heart
94
what are pre-capillary sphincters?
rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries
95
how do pre-capillary sphincters work?
they can dilate and constrict to control blood flow through the capillary beds
96
where does the VCC receive information from?
-chemoreceptors
-baroreceptors
97
why would the VCC receive info from chemoreceptors?
regarding chemical changes
-C02
-Lactic acid
98
why would the VCC receive info from the baroreceptors?
regarding pressue changes on the arterial walls
99
regarding the VCC, what would an increase in sympathetic stimulation do?
it would vasoconstrict arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to limit blood flow
100
regarding the VCC, what would a decrease in sympathetic stimulation do?
it would vasodilate the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to increase blood flow
101
what is the VCC responsible for distributing?
cardiac output
102
regarding the VCC, at rest are the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters stimulated?
yes they are stimulated to vasoconstrict the blood flow to the muscles
103
what does the respiratory system consist of?
-the nose
-a series of airways
-lungs
-respiratory muscles
104
what are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system?
-pulmonary ventilation
-gaseous exchange
105
what is external respiration?
-the movement of oxygen into the blood stream -carbon dioxide into the lungs
106
what is internal respiration?
-the release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy reproduction
-collection of waste products
107
what is pulmonary ventilation?
the inspiration and expiration of air
108
what are the two types of gaseous exchange?
internal and external respiration
109
what is deoxygenated blood saturated with?
carbon dioxide and waste products
110
what is oxygenated blood saturated with?
oxygen and nutrients like gucose
