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A+P and Exercise physiology > 1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 3 > Flashcards

1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 3 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of

A

-nose
-series of airways
-lungs
-respiratory muscles

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2
Q

Name the 2 functions of the respiratory system

A

-pulmonary ventilation- inspiration & expiration of air

-gaseous exchange- (external and internal)

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3
Q

What occurs in gaseous exchange

A

external respiration- movement of oxygen into the blood and CO2 into lungs

internal respiration- release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products

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4
Q

What are alveoli

A

clusters of air sacs covered in network of capillaries

-site for gaseous exchange

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5
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

movement of oxygen from alveoli into blood stream and CO2 from bloodstream into alveoli

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6
Q

What is external respiration

A

movement of oxygen into blood stream and carbon dioxide into lungs

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7
Q

What is internal respiration

A

release of O2 to respiring cells for energy production

& collection of waste products

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8
Q

Name the 4 steps of the pathway of air through respiratory organs

A
  1. air into nasal cavity through nose
  2. travels down pharynx, larynx, trachea - the surface of these passageways have a mucus membrane and ciliated cells (covered in tiny hairs) which moisten, warm and filter the air
  3. trachea divides into right, left bronchi as they enter lung (the right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 to accomodate the heart)

4.bronchi divide into brochioles- end in alveoliar ducts

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9
Q

What occurs during inspiration (breathing in)

A

diaphragm contracts, moves downwards

intercostal muscles contract moving ribs upwards, outwards - increases size of chest- decreases air pressure inside it- sucks air into the lungs.

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10
Q

What occurs during expiration (breathing out)

A

diaphragm relaxes- returns to domed shape

intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards, downwards- decreases size of chest- increases air pressure in chest- air is forced out lungs

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11
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur and by what process

A

occurs in lungs
takes place by diffusion

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12
Q

What occurs in gaseous exchange

A

high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood

high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

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13
Q

Name 2 ways oxygen can be transported

A

-blood plasma

-haemoglobin in red blood cells

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14
Q

What is oxygen

A

essential gas required for aerobic energy production in kmuscle cells

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15
Q

What is carbon dioxide

A

waste product of aerobic energy prdocyution in muscle cells

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16
Q

Name the 3 ways carbon dioxide can be transported

A

-carried as carbonic acid

-carried within haemoglobin

-disollved in plasma

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17
Q

What is tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired/ expired per breath

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18
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x breathing rate = minute ventilation

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19
Q

Explain the role of the respiratory system when responding to exercise snd recovery

A

-when we start to exercise- demand for oxygen by muscles increases

-respiratory systems role is to increase supply of air to alveoli and therefore oxygen for gaseous exchange

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20
Q

Explain what occurs to breathing rate in response to exercise

A

br increases until we reach our max (50-60 breathes per min)

sub-maximal- br can plateau- supply of oxygen meeting demand from muscles

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21
Q

Explain what occurs to tidal volume in response to exercise

A

tidal volume increases

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22
Q

Explain what occurs to minute ventilation in response to exercise

A
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23
Q

Describe what occurs in the mechanics of inspiration at rest

A

-active process

-external intercostal muscles between ribs CONTRACT -> pulls chest walls up & out

-diaphragm- CONTRACTS, FLATTENS -> increasing size of chest

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24
Q

Name the additional inspiratory muscles recruited for inspiration during exercise

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-pectoralis minor

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25
How do the sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor increase breathing depth and volume during exercise
create greater up and outward movement of rib cage and sternum greater movement ^ volume and decreases pressure inside thoracic cavity more than at rest increases breathing depth and volume of air inspired#
26
What occurs during expiration at rest
external intercostals relax- lowers rib cage, sternum- down and in diaphragm relaxes, returns to its dome shape —> decreases vol of thoracic cavity- increases pressure above atmosphere outside body- air is pushed out of lungs
27
Name the process of expiration at rest
passive process
28
Name the process of expiration during exercise
active
29
Name the additional expiratory muscles recruted to give larger force of contraction in expiration during exercise
internal intercostals rectus abdominis —> creates greater down, inward movement of rib cage and sternum- decreases vol, increases pressure insude thoracic cavity- increases br and vol of air expired
30
What is the respiratory control centre (RCC)
control centre in medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation
31
What is minute ventiliation
volume of air inspired/ expired per minute
32
What is respiratory control
when exercise/ recovery occurs- brain gets involved to regulate br
33
Name the 2 centres within the respiratory control centre (RCC)
inspiratory centre (IC)- stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and during exercise- INSPIRATION expiratory centre (EC)- inactive at rest- stimulates additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise- EXPIRATION
34
What occurs in terms of regulatory regulation at rest
inspiratory centre is responsible for rhymic cycle of breathing -nerve impulses are generated and stimulate inspiratory muscles causing them to contract via: -intercostal nerve to external intercostals -phrenic nerve to diaphragm causes thoracic cavity vol to be increase lowering lung air pressure expiratory centre = inactive
35
What occurs in terms of regulatory regulation during exercise
breathing rate & depth increases to meet demand for oxygen sensory nerves relay info to RCC where response initiated by IC and EC chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries pick up increase in blood acidity, increase in CO2 conc and decrease O2 conc
36
Name the 3 different neural controls
thermoreceptors- inform of increase in blood temp proprioceptors- inform of motor activity in muscles and joints barorecptors- located in lung tissues, bronchioles
37
Explain what occurs in the inspiratory centre which has been informed on what to do by the RCC during respiratory regulation during exercise
chemo, thermo, propriorecpetors inform IC --> increases stimulation of phrenic nerve so diaphragm contracts with more force -IC also increases stimulation of intercostal nerve so external intercostals contract with more force -stimulates additional muscles to contract – sternocleidomastoid & pectoralis minor increases volume of thoracic cavity and decreases pressure in lungs more than at rest. more air rushes in - increasing depth of breathing.
38
Explain what occurs in the experiatory centre which has been informed on what to do by the RCC during respiratory regulation during exercise
barorecptors inform expiratory centre on extent of lung inflation stimulates additional muscles to contract – internal intercostals & rectus abdominis this decreases volume of thoracic cavity and increases pressure in lungs more than at rest. more air rushes out - increasing rate of breathing.
39
Meaning of partial pressure
pressure exerted by individual gas held in mixture of gases
40
define gaseous exchange
the movement of gases across a membrane
41
define partial pressure
the pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases
42
what are the units for partial pressure?
mmHg
43
define diffusion
the movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from high to low pressure
44
define diffusion gradient
the difference in areas of pressure from one side of membrane to the other
45
the blood is made up of…
45% blood cells 55% plasma
46
how is CO2 carried in the body?
70% dissolves in H2O as carbonic acid 23% combined with haemoglobin to make carbaminohaemoglobin 7% blood plasma
47
O2 is carried as…
97% with haemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin 3% in blood plasma
48
minute ventilation =
TV x f
49
what is breathing rates response to exercise?
It increases proportionally to the intensity of the exercise, until reaching max
50
what is tidal volumes response to exercise?
Increase depth of breathing initially in proportion to exercise
51
what is minute ventilations response to exercise?
increases in line with intensity when TV and f increase
52
what happen to minute ventilation at sub max…
1. Anticipatory rise 2. Rapid increase. 3. Steady state 4. Rapid then gradual decrease
53
what happen to minute ventilation at maximal exercise?
1. ME doesn’t plateau 2. growing demand for O2 strives to meet 3. TV will plateau will ME continues to rise due to breathing rate
54
what happens to minute ventilation during recovery…
rapid then gradual decrease to resting levels
55
describe the mechanics of inspiration at rest:
diaphragm contracts and flattens external intercostals contract. Rib cage moves up and out. vol of thoracic cavity increases. Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases. air dishes in from high-pressure outside to low pressure inside the lung
56
describe the mechanics of expiration at rest…
diaphragm relaxes and returns domed external intercostals contract Rib cage moves down and in vol of thoracic cavity decreases Pressure of thoracic cavity increases air forces out from a high pressure inside lungs to a low pressure outside
57
describe the mechanics of inspiration during exercise
diaphragm contracts and flattens more than at rest External intercostals contract more than at rest Sternocleidomastoid recruited Rib cage moves up and out further than the rest Volume of thoracic cavity increases more than the rest Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases more than a rest More air moves from a high-pressure to low-pressure ACTIVE PROCESS
58
describe the mechanics of expiration during exercise
diaphragm and external intercostals relax rectus abdominous and internal intercostals contract Rib cage moves down and in more than at rest Volume of thoracic cavity decrease is more than at rest Pressure of thoracic cavity increase as more than at rest More air moves from high to low pressure
59
what does the respiratory control centre do?
Receives information from sensory neurons and sends directions through motor neurons to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction
60
what does the inspiration center (IC) do?
stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and exercise
61
what does the expiratory centre (EC) do?
stimulates additional extra expiratory muscles during exercise
62
during rest the IC…
generates intercostal neves causing external intercostals to contract phrenic never generated causing the diaphragm to contract
63
which receptors send info to the IC?
proprioreceptors thermoreceptors
64
which receptors send information to the EC during exercise?
baroreceptors
65
during exercise the IC and EC send information to the…
RCC
66
during exercise the RCC causes…
diaphragm and ext. intercostals contract with more force recruits pec minor and sternocleidamastoid increases breathing depth int. intercostals and rectus abdominals contacts reduces volume and increases pressure of thoracic cavity more than at rest
67
describe gaseous exchange at rest…
imbalance of pO2 and pCO2 between alveoli and capillaries causes pressure gradient and allows passive movement of gases
68
external respiration is..
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood
69
internal respiration is...
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and muscle tissues
70
define breathing rate
the number of inspirations or expirations per minute
71
define tidal volume
the volume of air inspired or expired per breath
72
define minute ventilation
the volume of air inspired or expired per minute
73
the average breathing rate of an untrained person at rest is...
12-15 breaths per minute
74
the average breathing rate of an untrained person during max exercise is...
40-50 breaths per minute
75
the average breathing rate of a trained person at rest is...
11-12 breaths per minute
76
the average breathing rate of a trained person duing max exericse is...
50-60 breaths per minute
77
the average tidal volume for an untrained person at rest is...
500ml
78
the average tidal volume for an untrained person during max exercise is...
2.5-3 litres
79
the average tidal volume for a trained person at rest is....
500 ml
80
the average tidal volume for a trained person during max exercise is...
3-3.5 litres
81
the average minute ventilaton of an untrained person at rest is...
6-7.5 litres per minute
82
the average minute ventilation of an untrained person during maximal exercise
100 - 150 litres per minute
83
the average minute ventilation of a trained person at rest is...
5.5 - 6 litres per minute
84
the average minute ventilation of a trained person during maximal exercise
160 - 210 litres per minute
85
is inspiration at rest active or passive?
active
86
is expiration at rest active or passive?
passive
87
is insipration during exercise active or passive?
passive
88
is expiration during exercise active or passive?
active
89
define dissociation
oxygen unloading from haemoglobin
90
define Bohr shift
a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the bloodstream
91
what effects does Bohr shift have on the body?
1. increased blood and muscle temperature 2. increase in partial pressure of CO2 3. increased lactic acid and carbonic acid production
92
what impact does Bohr shift have on performance?
dissociation of oxygen to tissues is higher, therefore there is more oxygen available for diffusion and aerobic energy production for exercise
93
what factors affect tidal volume?
1. age 2. fitness level 3. gender 4. respiratory conditions 5. size of lungs & thoracic cavity
94
define diffusion
the movement of substances down the concentration gradient across a membrane
95
heart rate increases prior to exercise, explain how
adrenaline is released from the adrenal gland by stimulating the SA node so its firing rate increases

A+P and Exercise physiology (15 decks)

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