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A+P and Exercise physiology > 1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 3 > Flashcards

1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of

A

-nose
-series of airways
-lungs
-respiratory muscles

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2
Q

Name the 2 functions of the respiratory system

A

-pulmonary ventilation- inspiration & expiration of air

-gaseous exchange- (external and internal)

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3
Q

What occurs in gaseous exchange

A

external respiration- movement of oxygen into the blood and CO2 into lungs

internal respiration- release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products

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4
Q

What are alveoli

A

clusters of air sacs covered in network of capillaries

-site for gaseous exchange

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5
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

movement of oxygen from alveoli into blood stream and CO2 from bloodstream into alveoli

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6
Q

What is external respiration

A

movement of oxygen into blood stream and carbon dioxide into lungs

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7
Q

What is internal respiration

A

release of O2 to respiring cells for energy production

& collection of waste products

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8
Q

Name the 4 steps of the pathway of air through respiratory organs

A
  1. air into nasal cavity through nose
  2. travels down pharynx, larynx, trachea - the surface of these passageways have a mucus membrane and ciliated cells (covered in tiny hairs) which moisten, warm and filter the air
  3. trachea divides into right, left bronchi as they enter lung (the right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 to accomodate the heart)

4.bronchi divide into brochioles- end in alveoliar ducts

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9
Q

What occurs during inspiration (breathing in)

A

diaphragm contracts, moves downwards

intercostal muscles contract moving ribs upwards, outwards - increases size of chest- decreases air pressure inside it- sucks air into the lungs.

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10
Q

What occurs during expiration (breathing out)

A

diaphragm relaxes- returns to domed shape

intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards, downwards- decreases size of chest- increases air pressure in chest- air is forced out lungs

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11
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur and by what process

A

occurs in lungs
takes place by diffusion

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12
Q

What occurs in gaseous exchange

A

high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood

high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

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13
Q

Name 2 ways oxygen can be transported

A

-blood plasma

-haemoglobin in red blood cells

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14
Q

What is oxygen

A

essential gas required for aerobic energy production in kmuscle cells

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15
Q

What is carbon dioxide

A

waste product of aerobic energy prdocyution in muscle cells

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16
Q

Name the 3 ways carbon dioxide can be transported

A

-carried as carbonic acid

-carried within haemoglobin

-disollved in plasma

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17
Q

What is tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired/ expired per breath

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18
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x breathing rate = minute ventilation

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19
Q

Explain the role of the respiratory system when responding to exercise snd recovery

A

-when we start to exercise- demand for oxygen by muscles increases

-respiratory systems role is to increase supply of air to alveoli and therefore oxygen for gaseous exchange

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20
Q

Explain what occurs to breathing rate in response to exercise

A

br increases until we reach our max (50-60 breathes per min)

sub-maximal- br can plateau- supply of oxygen meeting demand from muscles

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21
Q

Explain what occurs to tidal volume in response to exercise

A

tidal volume increases

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22
Q

Explain what occurs to minute ventilation in response to exercise

A
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23
Q

Describe what occurs in the mechanics of inspiration at rest

A

-active process

-external intercostal muscles between ribs CONTRACT -> pulls chest walls up & out

-diaphragm- CONTRACTS, FLATTENS -> increasing size of chest

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24
Q

Name the additional inspiratory muscles recruited for inspiration during exercise

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-pectoralis minor

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25
Q

How do the sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor increase breathing depth and volume during exercise

A

create greater up and outward movement of rib cage and sternum

greater movement ^ volume and decreases pressure inside thoracic cavity more than at rest

increases breathing depth and volume of air inspired#

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26
Q

What occurs during expiration at rest

A

external intercostals relax- lowers rib cage, sternum- down and in

diaphragm relaxes, returns to its dome shape

—> decreases vol of thoracic cavity- increases pressure above atmosphere outside body- air is pushed out of lungs

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27
Q

Name the process of expiration at rest

A

passive process

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28
Q

Name the process of expiration during exercise

A

active

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29
Q

Name the additional expiratory muscles recruted to give larger force of contraction in expiration during exercise

A

internal intercostals
rectus abdominis

—> creates greater down, inward movement of rib cage and sternum- decreases vol, increases pressure insude thoracic cavity- increases br and vol of air expired

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30
Q

What is the respiratory control centre (RCC)

A

control centre in medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation

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31
Q

What is minute ventiliation

A

volume of air inspired/ expired per minute

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32
Q

What is respiratory control

A

when exercise/ recovery occurs- brain gets involved to regulate br

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33
Q

Name the 2 centres within the respiratory control centre (RCC)

A

inspiratory centre (IC)- stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and during exercise- INSPIRATION

expiratory centre (EC)- inactive at rest- stimulates additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise- EXPIRATION

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34
Q

What occurs in terms of regulatory regulation at rest

A

inspiratory centre is responsible for rhymic cycle of breathing

-nerve impulses are generated and stimulate inspiratory muscles causing them to contract via:

-intercostal nerve to external intercostals
-phrenic nerve to diaphragm

causes thoracic cavity vol to be increase lowering lung air pressure

expiratory centre = inactive

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35
Q

What occurs in terms of regulatory regulation during exercise

A

breathing rate & depth increases to meet demand for oxygen

sensory nerves relay info to RCC where response initiated by IC and EC

chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries pick up increase in blood acidity, increase in CO2 conc and decrease O2 conc

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36
Q

Name the 3 different neural controls

A

thermoreceptors- inform of increase in blood temp

proprioceptors- inform of motor activity in muscles and joints

barorecptors- located in lung tissues, bronchioles

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37
Q

Explain what occurs in the inspiratory centre which has been informed on what to do by the RCC during respiratory regulation during exercise

A

chemo, thermo, propriorecpetors inform IC
–> increases stimulation of phrenic nerve so diaphragm contracts with more force

-IC also increases stimulation of intercostal nerve so external intercostals contract with more force

-stimulates additional muscles to contract – sternocleidomastoid & pectoralis minor

increases volume of thoracic cavity and decreases pressure in lungs more than at rest.

more air rushes in - increasing depth of breathing.

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38
Q

Explain what occurs in the experiatory centre which has been informed on what to do by the RCC during respiratory regulation during exercise

A

barorecptors inform expiratory centre on extent of lung inflation

stimulates additional muscles to contract – internal intercostals & rectus abdominis

this decreases volume of thoracic cavity and increases pressure in lungs more than at rest.

more air rushes out - increasing rate of breathing.

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39
Q

Meaning of partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by individual gas held in mixture of gases

40
Q

define gaseous exchange

A

the movement of gases across a membrane

41
Q

define partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases

42
Q

what are the units for partial pressure?

A

mmHg

43
Q

define diffusion

A

the movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from high to low pressure

44
Q

define diffusion gradient

A

the difference in areas of pressure from one side of membrane to the other

45
Q

the blood is made up of…

A

45% blood cells
55% plasma

46
Q

how is CO2 carried in the body?

A

70% dissolves in H2O as carbonic acid

23% combined with haemoglobin to make carbaminohaemoglobin

7% blood plasma

47
Q

O2 is carried as…

A

97% with haemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin

3% in blood plasma

48
Q

minute ventilation =

A

TV x f

49
Q

what is breathing rates response to exercise?

A

It increases proportionally to the intensity of the exercise, until reaching max

50
Q

what is tidal volumes response to exercise?

A

Increase depth of breathing initially in proportion to exercise

51
Q

what is minute ventilations response to exercise?

A

increases in line with intensity when TV and f increase

52
Q

what happen to minute ventilation at sub max…

A
  1. Anticipatory rise
  2. Rapid increase.
  3. Steady state
  4. Rapid then gradual decrease
53
Q

what happen to minute ventilation at maximal exercise?

A
  1. ME doesn’t plateau
  2. growing demand for O2 strives to meet
  3. TV will plateau will ME continues to rise due to breathing rate
54
Q

what happens to minute ventilation during recovery…

A

rapid then gradual decrease to resting levels

55
Q

describe the mechanics of inspiration at rest:

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens

external intercostals contract.

Rib cage moves up and out.

vol of thoracic cavity increases.

Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases.
air dishes in from high-pressure outside to low pressure inside the lung

56
Q

describe the mechanics of expiration at rest…

A

diaphragm relaxes and returns domed

external intercostals contract

Rib cage moves down and in

vol of thoracic cavity decreases

Pressure of thoracic cavity increases

air forces out from a high pressure inside lungs to a low pressure outside

57
Q

describe the mechanics of inspiration during exercise

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens more than at rest

External intercostals contract more than at rest

Sternocleidomastoid recruited

Rib cage moves up and out further than the rest

Volume of thoracic cavity increases more than the rest

Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases more than a rest

More air moves from a high-pressure to low-pressure

ACTIVE PROCESS

58
Q

describe the mechanics of expiration during exercise

A

diaphragm and external intercostals relax

rectus abdominous and internal intercostals contract

Rib cage moves down and in more than at rest

Volume of thoracic cavity decrease is more than at rest

Pressure of thoracic cavity increase as more than at rest

More air moves from high to low pressure

59
Q

what does the respiratory control centre do?

A

Receives information from sensory neurons and sends directions through motor neurons to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction

60
Q

what does the inspiration center (IC) do?

A

stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and exercise

61
Q

what does the expiratory centre (EC) do?

A

stimulates additional extra expiratory muscles during exercise

62
Q

during rest the IC…

A

generates intercostal neves causing external intercostals to contract

phrenic never generated causing the diaphragm to contract

63
Q

which receptors send info to the IC?

A

proprioreceptors
thermoreceptors

64
Q

which receptors send information to the EC during exercise?

A

baroreceptors

65
Q

during exercise the IC and EC send information to the…

A

RCC

66
Q

during exercise the RCC causes…

A

diaphragm and ext. intercostals contract with more force

recruits pec minor and sternocleidamastoid

increases breathing depth

int. intercostals and rectus abdominals contacts

reduces volume and increases pressure of thoracic cavity more than at rest

67
Q

describe gaseous exchange at rest…

A

imbalance of pO2 and pCO2 between alveoli and capillaries causes pressure gradient and allows passive movement of gases

68
Q

external respiration is..

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood

69
Q

internal respiration is…

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and muscle tissues

70
Q

define breathing rate

A

the number of inspirations or expirations per minute

71
Q

define tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath

72
Q

define minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

73
Q

the average breathing rate of an untrained person at rest is…

A

12-15 breaths per minute

74
Q

the average breathing rate of an untrained person during max exercise is…

A

40-50 breaths per minute

75
Q

the average breathing rate of a trained person at rest is…

A

11-12 breaths per minute

76
Q

the average breathing rate of a trained person duing max exericse is…

A

50-60 breaths per minute

77
Q

the average tidal volume for an untrained person at rest is…

A

500ml

78
Q

the average tidal volume for an untrained person during max exercise is…

A

2.5-3 litres

79
Q

the average tidal volume for a trained person at rest is….

A

500 ml

80
Q

the average tidal volume for a trained person during max exercise is…

A

3-3.5 litres

81
Q

the average minute ventilaton of an untrained person at rest is…

A

6-7.5 litres per minute

82
Q

the average minute ventilation of an untrained person during maximal exercise

A

100 - 150 litres per minute

83
Q

the average minute ventilation of a trained person at rest is…

A

5.5 - 6 litres per minute

84
Q

the average minute ventilation of a trained person during maximal exercise

A

160 - 210 litres per minute

85
Q

is inspiration at rest active or passive?

A

active

86
Q

is expiration at rest active or passive?

A

passive

87
Q

is insipration during exercise active or passive?

A

passive

88
Q

is expiration during exercise active or passive?

A

active

89
Q

define dissociation

A

oxygen unloading from haemoglobin

90
Q

define Bohr shift

A

a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the bloodstream

91
Q

what effects does Bohr shift have on the body?

A
  1. increased blood and muscle temperature
  2. increase in partial pressure of CO2
  3. increased lactic acid and carbonic acid production
92
Q

what impact does Bohr shift have on performance?

A

dissociation of oxygen to tissues is higher, therefore there is more oxygen available for diffusion and aerobic energy production for exercise

93
Q

what factors affect tidal volume?

A
  1. age
  2. fitness level
  3. gender
  4. respiratory conditions
  5. size of lungs & thoracic cavity
94
Q

define diffusion

A

the movement of substances down the concentration gradient across a membrane

95
Q

heart rate increases prior to exercise, explain how

A

adrenaline is released from the adrenal gland
by stimulating the SA node
so its firing rate increases

A+P and Exercise physiology (15 decks)

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