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Respiratory > 12. Embryology and Lung Growth (HARC) > Flashcards

12. Embryology and Lung Growth (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

3 main points in Lung Development

A
  • formation of LUNG BUD
  • lung MATURATION and production of SURFACTANT
  • RESPIRATORY CHANGES at BIRTH
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2
Q

FOLDING of the EMBRYO 2 types:

A

Tall Folding : head and tail fold in

LATERAL FOLDING - RIGHT and LEFT

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3
Q

what is LATERAL FOLDING of an Embryo

A

Lateral ends of ECTODERM GROWS in and PINCHES OFF YOLK SAC

2 ends/folds FUSE

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4
Q

what forms from LATERAL FOLDING

A

LARGER AMNIOTIC CAVITY

INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM (Cavity)
lined by mesoderm inside
- both together called SOMATOPLEURA (before fusion)

upon FUSION of lateral folds:
INTRAEMBRYONIC COELUM
lined with SOMATIC MESODERM

from Yolk Sac -> EMBRYONIC GUT TUBE
lined with SPLANCHNIC MESODERM
(inside intraembryonic coelom)

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5
Q

in EMBRYO what is the INTRAEMBRYONIC COELUM LINED with

A

SOMATIC MESODERM

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6
Q

in EMBRYO what does the YOLK SAC become after LATERAL FOLDING

A

Embryonic GUT TUBE

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7
Q

what is the Embryonic GUT TUBE LINED with

A

SPLANCHNIC MESODERM

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8
Q

Embryonic GUT TUBE is from which Germ layer

A

ENDODERM
(lined with mesoderm - splanchnic)

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9
Q

below the Embryonic Gut Tube the PRIMORDIAL PHALYNX (splanchnic mesoderm) has a growth coming out of it called..

A

LARYNGOTRACHEAL DIVERTICULUM

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10
Q

Opening where the LARYNGOTRACHEAL DIVERTICULUM grows out of the PRIMORDIAL PHALYNX

A

LARYNGOTRACHEAL OPENING

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11
Q

as LARYNGOTRACHEAL DIVERTICULUM grows out of the PRIMORDIAL PHALYNX what do we get

A

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FOLD

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12
Q

what germ layer is the laryngotracheal diverticulum

A

ENDODERM
lined with MESODERM (SPLANCHNIC)

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13
Q

Laryngotracheal Diverticulum becomes the..

A

RESPIRATORY BUD

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14
Q

Pinching off of the RESPIRATORY BUD from the Primordial Phalynx/ Gut Tube gives the..

A

TRACHEOSOPHAGEAL SEPTUM

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15
Q

RESPIRATORY BUD becomes… as it starts to divide

A

PRIMARY BRONCHIAL BUDS
makes the remaining the LARYNGOTRACHEAL TUBE

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16
Q

as the PRIMARY BRONCHIAL BUDS and the LARYNGOTRACHEAL TUBE form what do we get

A

OESOPHAGUS SEPARATED from the TRACHEA

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17
Q

what are the PERICARDIOPERITONEAL CANALS

A

OPENINGS POSTERIORLY between the primitive Pericardial and Peritoneal Cavities

  • gives rise to Pleural Cavity
  • name of the space that the bronchial buds grow into
  • gaps left by septum transversum (early diaphragm)
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18
Q

what is the name for the EARLY DIAPHRAGM

A

SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM

  • Grows out of the sidewall and POSTERIORLY to form sheet which meets the GUT TUBE
  • leaves gaps on either side: Pericardioperitoneal Canals
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19
Q

what do the PLEURA SECRETE

A

FLUID

  • creates SURFACE TENSION so lung sticks to thoracic wall
  • LUBRIACTES and prevents friction as lungs move
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20
Q

where is the PARIETAL PLEURA

A

Layer coating the THORACIC WALL

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21
Q

where is the VISCERAL PLEURA

A

Layer coating the LUNG

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22
Q

PLEURAL CAVITY (between parietal and visceral pleura) derived from

A

PERIOCARDIOPERITONEAL CANALS

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23
Q

what is the PARIETAL PLEURA DERIVED FROM

A

SOMATIC MESODERM

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24
Q

what is the VISCERAL PLEURA DERIVED from

A

SPLANCHNIC MESODERM

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25
Q

TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
starting from Main/Primary BRONCHUS

A
  • SECONDARY bronchus (left:2, right:3)
  • TERTIARY bronchus (each BP segment) (divides into 7)
  • TERMINAL bronchus (last area of cartilage)
  • BRONCHIOLES (smooth muscle instead)
  • TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES (last area of NO gas exchange)
  • RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (thin so gas exchange can occur)
  • ALVEOLAR DUCT
  • ALVEOLAR SAC
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26
Q

Pathway from BRONCHIOLES

A
  1. TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
  2. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
  3. ALVEOLAR DUCT
  4. ALVEOLAR SAC
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27
Q

how is CARTILAGE in the BRONCHUS

A

PLATES of CARTILAGE

(rings divided and become plates)

  • STRENGTHEN and keep wall OPEN
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28
Q

after TERMINAL BRONCHUS CARTILAGE is replaced with

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE (in BRONCHIOLES)

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29
Q

at which point can GAS EXCHANGE START

A

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (thin)

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30
Q

how is SURFACE TENSION CREATED in lungs

A

H2O MOLECULES ATTRACTED to EACH OTHER

  • molecules in FLUID more attracted to each other than in gas

ALVEOLAR INNER SURFACE must be coated in (tissue) FLUID so O2 DISSOLVES and passes
- allows FASTER DIFFUSION (gas exchange)

as exhale alveolar become closer together so fluid attract to each other and can cause Alveoli to COLLAPSE

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31
Q

what sort of MOLECULE is SURFACTANT

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

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32
Q

how does SURFACTANT REDUCE SURFACE TENSION

A

PHOSPHOLIPID - Hydrophobic tail and HYDROPHILIC (POLAR) HEAD
- attracts to H2O

INTERSPERSE BETWEEN H2O MOLECULES (so can’t stick together)
- BREAK UP SURFACE TENSION

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33
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
what do we get at 28 DAYS

A
34
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
what do we get at 28 DAYS

A

BRONCHIAL BUDS form (from Trachea)

(grow into pericardioperitoneal canals)

35
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
what do we have at 35 DAYS

A

expansion and wider openings of bronchial buds give

RIGHT and LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS

36
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
what do we get at 42 DAYS

A

SECONDARY BRONCHI FORM

  • LOBES FORM

(RIGHT: X3
LEFT: X2)

37
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
what do we get at 56 DAYS

A

TERTIARY BRONCHI

  • Forming BRONCHOPULMONARY (BP) SEGMENTS

(BP segments are discrete areas of lung tissue. not vital but help stop spread of infection)

38
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
when do LOBES and SECONDARY BRONCHI FORM

A

42 DAYS

39
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
when do we have BP SEGMENTS and TERTIARY BRONCHI

A

56 DAYS

40
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
when do we have LEFT and RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS

A

35 DAYS

41
Q

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
when do BRONCHIAL BUDS FORM

A

28 DAYS

42
Q

4 STAGES of LUNG DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. PSEUDOGLANDULAR Stage (6-16 weeks)
  2. CANALICULAR Stage (16-26 weeks)
  3. TERMINAL SAC (SACCULAR) Stage (26 weeks - birth)
  4. ALVEOLAR Stage (32 weeks - 8 years)
43
Q

when is the PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE of Lung Development

A

from WEEK 6 - 16

44
Q

PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE appears similar to.. under a microscope

A

an EXOCRINE GLAND

45
Q

what do we have at PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE and is Respiration possible

A
  • TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES have began to form
  • Capillaries
  • Connective Tissue
  • Connective Tissue Cells (fibroblasts)

NO GAS EXCHANGE/RESPIRATION
- NO RESPIRATORY SURFACES

46
Q

when does the CANICULAR STAGE of Lung Development take place

A

WEEK 16 - 26

47
Q

what do we have in the CANICULAR STAGE of Lung Development

A

-Terminal Bronchiole
-> RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (by 24 weeks at least 2 from each terminal bronchiole)
-> TERMINAL SACS

  • MORE Capillaries (HIGHLY VASCULAR)
  • LUMEN of Bronchi and Terminal Bronchi become LARGER
  • PRIMORDIAL DUCTS BEGIN to form at the END
48
Q

is RESPIRATION Possible in the CANICULAR STAGE and why

A

MAY be POSSIBLE

  • due to THIN WALLED TERMINAL SACS (at end of respiratory bronchioles)
    some gas exchange
49
Q

although RESPIRATION may be POSSIBLE in the CANICULAR STAGE, why would a baby born at this stage be UNLIKELY to SURVIVE

A

due to LACK of SURFACTANT and other immature systems

50
Q

when does the TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE of Lung Development occur

A

WEEK 26 - BIRTH

51
Q

what do we have in the TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE

A
  • MORE Terminal Bronchioles
  • MORE Branching
  • more blood vessels
  • ELASTIN FIBRES Produced (for lungs to recoil in exhalation)
  • TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES (Gas Exchange) and
    TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES `(secrete SURFACTANT)
52
Q

in TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE how does the EPITHELIA change

A

become THIN
and closely Related to CAPILLARIES

  • TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES (where GAS EXCHANGE occurs)
53
Q

in TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE what do we have production of (crucial)

A

SURFACTANT - from TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES

adequate levels at week 26-28

54
Q

when does the ALVEOLAR STAGE of Lung Development take place

A

WEEK 32 - 8 YEARS

55
Q

what do we have at ALVEOLAR STAGE

A
  • PRIMORDIAL ALVEOLI
  • SMOOTH MUSCLE
    helps keep lumen open & helps regulate the amount of gas going in by altering diameter (contract/relax)
56
Q

at the BEGINNING of the ALVEOLAR STAGE the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE ENDS as..

A

ALVEROLAR SAC

57
Q

How much of ALVEOLI are developed in FETUS and POSTNATALLY

A

fetus: 5%

95% ALVEOLI DEVELOP POSTNATALLY

58
Q

how are the ALVEOLI AT BIRTH

A

PRIMORDIAL ALVEOLI
- SMALL BULGES on WALLS of RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES and ALVEOLAR SACS

59
Q

SIZE INCREASE of LUNGS POSTNATALLY is due to..

A

INCREASE in NUMBER of RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES and ALVEOLI

  • NOT from an increase in their size
60
Q

what type of EPITHELIUM lining BRONCHIOLES

A

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL

61
Q

what type of EPITHELIUM lining ALVEOLI

A

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA

62
Q

what type of EPITHELIUM lining Nasal Cavity to BRONCHI

A

PSEUDOSTATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED epithelium

63
Q

what is NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (NDS) caused by

A

INSUFFICIENT SURFACTANT PRODUCTION
or
IMMATURE LUNG with LOW NUMBERS

(prenatal) treatment with Glucocorticoids to stimulate surfactant production
Surfactant Replacement therapy decreases mortality with 40-50%

occurence: 1% in full term
50% in preterm neonates

64
Q

TRACHEA Development
what is derived from ENDODERMAL LINING

A

PULMONARY EPITHELIA and GLANDS of trachea

65
Q

TRACHEA Development
what is derived from SPLANCHNIC MESENCHYME

A

CARTILAGE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLES of trachea

66
Q

what do FETUSES do in PREPARATION for birth

A

FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENT

  • PRACTICE using MUSCLES/DIAPHRAGM
67
Q

what does FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENT cause

A

ASPIRATION of AMNIOTIC FLUID

68
Q

when is the ASPIRED AMNIOTIC FLUID CLEARED

A

at BIRTH

69
Q

how is the aspired AMNIOTIC FLUID CLEARED

A

3 ROUTES:

  • through NOSE and MOUTH by Vaginal Wall Pressure during labour
  • into PULMONARY CIRCULATION
  • into PULMONARY LYMPHATICS
70
Q

At BIRTH, CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES to allow for..

A

2 CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

  • PULMONARY and SYSTEMIC Circulation
71
Q

in FETAL CIRCULATION what allows the passage of Oxygenated blood INTO the INFERIOR VENA CAVA (after passage of liver)

A

DUCTUS VENOSUS

72
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION what carries OXYGENATED BLOOD

A

UMBILICAL VEIN

73
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION what carries DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

A

2X UMBILICAL ARTERIES

74
Q

in FETAL CIRCULATION what happens as Oxygenated blood from LEFT UMBILICAL VEIN PASSES LIVER

A

Gives off SOME of the oxygenated blood

75
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION what allows BLOOD to PASS LUNGS/PULMONARY TRUNK into the (Ascending) AORTA

A

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

76
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION role of DUCUTS VENOSUS

A

PASSAGE over LIVER into INFERIOR VENA CAVA

77
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION role of DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

A

allows blood to PASS LUNGS/PULMONARY TRUNK and enter AORTA

78
Q

what happen to the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS and DUCTUS VENOSUS at BIRTH

A

CONTRACT - limit blood flow
and quickly FIBROSED, CLOSE UP and become Fibrous Tissue

79
Q

how is PRESSURE in LEFT and RIGHT ATRIUM in FETUS and why

A

HIGHER PRESSURE in RIGHT ATRIUM than left

  • no blood coming back from lungs into left atrium
  • low pressure
  • Valves open
    so higher pressure in right
80
Q

at BIRTH when baby takes FIRST BREATH how does the PRESSURE of LEFT and RIGHT ATRIUM CHANGE

A

HIGHER PRESSURE in LEFT ATRIUM

  • Lungs rapidly EXPAND and create area of LOW PRESSURE
  • Blood into Lungs and return to LEFT ATRIUM (higher pressure)

therefore VALVE CANNOT OPEN (SHUT)

81
Q

in FETUS which ATRIUM has HIGHER PRESSURE

A

RIGHT

82
Q

after BIRTH which ATRIUM has HIGHER PRESSURE

A

LEFT

Respiratory (16 decks)

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