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Respiratory > 10. Lung Defence II (immunity) > Flashcards

10. Lung Defence II (immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

How much Bacteria do we breathe in per day

A

860,000 per day

3x10^8 per year
- 90 mcg per year

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2
Q

how much dust do we inhale per year

A

6.5 kg

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3
Q

DEFENCE MECHANISMS of the RESPIRATORY TRACT:

A
  • FILTRATION and DEPOSITION of environmental pathogens and particulate matter in UPPER AIRWAYS
  • COUGH REFLEX
  • MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE
  • INNATE and ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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4
Q

STRUCTURE of CILIA CELL

A
  • CENTRAL SINGLET MICROTUBULE
  • OUTER DOUBLE (A & B) MICROTUBULE
  • NEXIN sheath holding microtubules together
  • RADIAL SPOKE keep doublets away from central
  • OUTER DYNEIN ARMS for movement
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5
Q

what structure in the CILIA allow for MOVEMENT (Beating)

A

OUTER DYNEIN ARMS

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6
Q

INNATE Immune System CELLULAR components:

A

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS:
- MONOCYTES
- MACROPHAGES
- NEUTROPHILS

INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
EOSINOPHILS / MAST CELLS
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)

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7
Q

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM HUMORAL components:

A
  • COMPLEMENT
  • ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS (C-Reactive Proteins)
  • CYTOKINES
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8
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
CELLULAR components:

A

T LYMPHOCYTES
- HELPER T (CD4+)
- CYTOTOXIC T (CD8+)
- MEMORY T
- SUPPRESSOR T

B LYMPHOCYTES

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9
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
HUMORAL component:

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

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10
Q

what type of Molecules are IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES)

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

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11
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS Major component of … Immunity

A

HUMORAL

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12
Q

primary LOCATION of IgM

A

CIRCULATION

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13
Q

primary LOCATION of IgG

A

CIRCULATION and MOST TISSUES

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14
Q

primary LOCATION of IgA

A

SKIN MUCOSAL MEMBRANES (DIMER)

CIRCULATION (MONOMER)

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15
Q

primary LOCATION of IgE

A

MUCOSAL MEMBRANES
- GUT, AIRWAY, SKIN

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16
Q

BASIC ANTIBODY STRUCTURE

A

2X LIGHT chains
2X HEAVY chains

COVALENT and NON-COVALENT forces

2 IDENTICAL ANTIGEN BINDING SITES

CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) attaches

17
Q

how do ANTIBODIES cause Lysis, Phagocytosis, Inflammation

A

ACTIVATE COMPLEMENT

18
Q

what is the MAIN ANTIBODY in SERUM

A

IgG
(& tissue fluids)

75% of TOTAL SERUM

19
Q

IgG:

A
  • MONOMER
  • 4 SUBCLASSES IgG1-IgG4
  • MAIN ab in SERUM (75%) and TISSUE FLUIDS
  • FIXES COMPLEMENT (IgG3 BEST, IgG4 worst)
  • OPSONISATION
20
Q

IgM:

A
  • Predominant ab in PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
  • PENTAMER
  • LARGE SIZE LIMITS TRANSFER
  • makes up 10% of SERUM
  • also found at B cell SURFACE
  • good COMPLEMENT FIXING
  • NEUTRALISES
  • OPSONISES
21
Q

IgA:

A
  • predominant Ab in SECRETIONS
  • MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
  • on MUCOUS MEMBRANES in GUT, RESPIRATORY TRACT, SKIN
  • DIMER or TRIMER
  • NEAUTRALISES
  • BLOCKS PATHOGEN ENTRY & GROWTH
  • J CHAIN
  • SECRETORY COMPONENT produced by epithelial cells PROTECTS from CLEAVAGE
22
Q

IgE:

A
  • MONOMER
  • important in ALLERGY
  • PARASITIC Infections
    (mast cell activation -> histamine)
  • LOW SERUM levels
  • similar structure to IgG and also produced by PLASMA CELLS in response to antigen
23
Q

Innate defence cells in ALVEOLI:

A

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

24
Q

MACROPHAGES are DERIVED from..

A

circulating MONOCYTES
(live 2-3 days)

when in tissue they MORPH into MACROPHAGES

25
Q

how long go MACROPHAGES tend to LIVE

A

60-120 DAYS

26
Q

how are MACROPHAGES SCAVENGER CELLS

A

they DISPOSE of DEAD CELLS, CELL DEBRIS, PARTICULATE MATTER and INVADING MICROORGANISMS

  • by PHAGOCYTOSIS
27
Q

how are MACROPHAGES ‘SENTINEL/ALARM’ CELLS

A

SENSE pathogens and RELEASE CYTOKINES

-> NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT from Blood

28
Q

examples of PHAGOCYTES:

A

MACROPHAGES

NEUTROPHILS

DENDRITIC CELLS

29
Q

when ANTIBODIES BIND to BACTERIA, the ANTIBODY-COATED BACTERIA BIND to which RECEPTORS on cell surface of PHAGOCYTE (ie macrophage)

A

Fc RECEPTORS

  • causes membrane to surround bacteria, fuse and form Phagosome
    -> fuses with lysosome to form Phagolysosome
    (enzymes digest and material released)
30
Q

MACROPHAGES can KILL in 2 ways

A

OXYGEN DEPENDENT KILLING

OXYGEN INDEPENDENT KILLING

31
Q

MACROPHAGES also act as … CELLS

A

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS

to T CELLS (HELPER) to activate Adaptive Immunity and antibody production

32
Q

example of a RESPIRATORY DISEASE that commonly affects BABIES

A

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) BRONCHIOLITIS

can see
- obstructed bronchiole full of Mucus, Neutrophils, Macrophages, sloughed off Epithelial cells
- around bronchiole Inflammatory Infiltrate comprising Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils (trying to get into airway)

33
Q

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY for PASSIVE IMMUNITY against RSV

A

PALIVIZUMAB

Respiratory (16 decks)

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