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Life Sciences - Sem 2 > 1.2 Haematopoiesis and Leukaemia > Flashcards

1.2 Haematopoiesis and Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes (WBC) are highly specialised nucleated blood cells. What are the 3 major subclasses?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
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2
Q

What are granulocytes (polymorphnuclear cells) and what are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Cells with an odd-shaped nucleus + contain cytoplasmic granules (involved with inflammatory + rapid immune response)

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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3
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of neutrophils?

A
  1. Nucleus = 2 - 5 lobes
  2. Most prevalent leukocyte (50-70%)
  3. Small granules that stain pink (acidic)
  4. Motile and phagocytic
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4
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of eosinophils?

A
  1. Nucleus = 2 lobes
  2. Larger granules than neutrophils (appear red)
  3. Motile and phagocytic (parasites = focus)
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5
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of basophils?

A
  1. Nucleus = 2 lobes
  2. Least prevalent granulocytes
  3. Very large granules (blue/black)
  4. Contain histamine and contribute to allergies
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6
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Second most prevalent leukocyte
  2. Small = slightly larger than RBCs
  3. Nucleus = ver large (fills most of cell) + dark purple
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7
Q

Lymphocytes can be B-Cells and T-Cells, what are their different roles?

A

B-Cells = Produce antibodies

T-Cells = Regulate B-Cells + directly attack antigens (CD8 = Killer, Regulatory = Holds back killer, CD4 = Helper of killers)

Used for specific immunity + vital immunity

Found in lymph nodes + spleen

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8
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of monocytes?

A
  1. Largest blood cells
  2. Nucleus = kidney bean
  3. Leave bloodstream to become macrophages
  4. Actively motile + phagocytic
  5. Ingest infection agents, RBCs, debris
  6. Enter inflamed tissue later than granulocytes
  7. Important immune role = ingesting pathogens and presenting to lymphocytes
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9
Q

Blood cancers effect white blood cells. What are the 3 types of blood cancer?

A
  1. Leukaemia
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Myeloma
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10
Q

What are the key differences between leukaemia, lymphoma, and myeloma?

A

Leukaemia = cancer of blood forming cells (crowd out normal blood cells via rapid proliferation), originating in blood forming tissue (bone marrow)

Lymphoma = caners of lymphatic system, developed from lymphocytes

Myeloma = cancer of plasma cells, develops in bone marrow

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11
Q

How does leukaemia develop?

A

Gene mutation via radiation, chemicals, geentic factors etc resulting in cell behaviour changes (malignant transformation)

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12
Q

What are the different lineages of leukaemia?

A

Leukaemia can come from lymphocytes or myeloids

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13
Q

Leukamia can be classified as acute or chronic. What are the different characteristics for these classifications?

A

Acute
1. Rapid onset (days to weeks)
2. No opportunity for body to compensate
3. Aggressive

Chronic
1. Slow onset (weeks to months)
2. Physiological compensation possible for some symptoms

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for leukaemia?

A
  1. High levels of radiation exposure
  2. Certain chemical exposures (Agent Orange)
  3. Smoking (20% of cases)
  4. Histroy of radiation / chemotherapy
  5. Rare genetic syndromes (Down Syndrome)
  6. Family history
  7. Infectino with Epstein-Barr
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15
Q

Patients with leukaemia clinically present with abnormal haematopoiesis in bone marrow pathology. What are some of these presentations?

A

Pancytopenia

Low RBCs > Anaemia, lack of oxygen, fatigue

Low WBCs > Leukopenia, infections

Low platelets > Thrombocytopenia (bleeding, bruising)

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16
Q

What are the oral manifestations of leukaemia?

A
  1. Gingival bleeding
  2. Secondary infections (thrush etc)
  3. Gingival enlargement (with or without necrosis)
  4. Oral mucositis after chemotherapy (painful ulcers)
17
Q

Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system. What are the two classifications of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-hodgkinn lymphoma (90% of lymphoma affecting B-cells commonly in head + neck)

18
Q

What are the presentations of lymphoma?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes (often in neck(

Gingival mass

Fever, night sweats, fatigue, enlarged spleen

19
Q

In stem cell transplantation, what are the different sources of stem cells?

A
  1. Autologous (from self)
  2. Allogenic (from another individual)
  3. Syngeneic (from identical source/twin)
20
Q

How does stem cell transplantation work and what are some possible complications?

A

Generates an allogenic immune response to tumour cells to eradicate residual disease and prevent relapse

Complications = donated cells attack recipients body affecting skin, liver, eyes, joints, mouth, or gingiva

21
Q

What are the oral manifestations in GVHD?

A

Oral mucositis
Dry mouth (affects salivary glands)
Rampant caries

22
Q

What are the three forms of oral mucositis?

A
  1. Reticular form (non-painful lesion on the BM or tongue)
  2. Erosive form (painful redness areas)
  3. Ulcerative form (very painful)

Life Sciences - Sem 2 (27 decks)

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