12 mark questions Flashcards
(36 cards)
Henry Hitchings (Sociologist)
(Norms and values) He argues that most societies have unique cultural norms which shape how members of those societies should behave when meeting, greeting, and addressing others
Marzieh Gordon et al (sociologist + example)
(Norms and values) He observed that the basic cultural norms of communication, especially with regard to the use of body language, differ between the Arabs and the Americans which may lead to misinterpretation.
For example, it is the Arab norms to be physically animated in body language by exaggerating facial expressions. However in western society, it’s the norm for subtle facial expression and minor hand-gesturing to be used in everyday conversation.
Patience Akumu (sociologist)
(Norms and values) Kneeling in deference to men and older people is a common cultural experience and the norm for
many females in African ethnic groups.
The muslim value of ‘Ummah Islamiyyah’ (example)
(Norms and values) It is the view that an important duty of muslims is to contribute to the whole islamic community, and to assist all muslims in need wherever they are in the world.
Eva Krockow (study)
(Norms and values) She compared the role of ‘trust’ in national value systems in Japan, the UK, and the US. She found that japan religions such a Buddhism prioritize the group over the individual and that they developed a strong community. However, Christian values in the west thinks of
humans as individuals and not mere members of a group, and as a result British and American people were less trusting then others.
Feminists criticism of norms and values (theory)
They are critical of gender norms and think that we’re socialized into men taking the dominant roles and females the submissive roles.
Marxist’s criticism of norms and values (theory)
Marxist’s critique capitalism norms and values because they encourage unthinking selfishness, greed, and exploitation.
Hamar tribe in Ethiopia (example)
(Norms and values) They had a rite of passage where when an individual reaches a certain age he has to preform certain rituals in order to progress on to adulthood. He had to run over bills to prove his courage and manhood.
Mead + gender roles (study)
(Norms and values / gender) Meads study ‘Papua New Guinea: Sex and Temperament’ found that their gender roles had been entirely switched. Females were more assertive and dominant, the ‘breadwinners of the family’, and males were more submissive and played the ‘expressive role’.
Christopher Jencks (sociologist)
(Culture) He defines culture as ‘the whole way of life of a society’.
Hybridity (examples)
Music such as: Reggaeton, rock and roll, drum and bass, grime, and heavy metal.
Globalization of food: tika masala, fast food chains
Ethnicity: interracial people.
Bourdieau (sociologist)
(High culture) He believed that cultural capital played an important part in your lifestyle. The more capital you have the more powerful you are.
What do Marxists argue about high and low culture (theory)
(Culture) The distinction is a way to keep the proletariat in their place.
What do postmodernists argue about high/low culture? (theory)
(culture) no one cultural pursuit is more valuable then the other.
What are some examples of Primary socialization? (Concept)
(Socialization) Family, social media, childhood friends, early education.
What are some examples of Secondary socialization? (Concept)
(Socialization) Workplace, religion, higher education, social media.
What is a feral child? (Concept)
(Feral children + socialization) A child that has not been socializes adequately. They live apart from society due to not becoming integrated.
Oxana Maylala (Study)
(Feral children) She was abandoned as a child and raised by dogs in a dog kennel. Through this, she developed dog-like characteristics such as walking on all fours, barking, eating with her tongue, and not having a concept of self (Cooley’s looking glass). “She was more like a little dog then a human child” - Director of the institute that gave her therapy and attempted to re socialize her.
Genie Wiley (study)
(Feral children) She was abused by her parents as a kid and refused contact with the outside world - even her parents refused to speak to her. Due to this, she did not know how to use language and her brain hadn’t fully developed.
How do feral children link to socialization + the nature / nurture argument?
Feral children demonstrate that children are born with latent potential to be different from animals, however it is only when they are exposed to socialization do they become human or a part of society.
John Bowlby (Sociologist)
(Socialization / feral children) He argues that children must develop a stable ongoing relationships with at least one adult caregiver in order to form a basis for successful development. Children who suffer from maternal deprivation can become inadiquetly socialized and therefore not a part of society.
Maternal deprivation (concept)
(Age, socialization, feral children) The idea (coined by John Bowlby) that argues that if a child is separated from their female caregiver it can affect their child development.
What do feminist believe about gender stereotyping? (Theory)
(Gender) They believe that while some girls may ‘chose’ to like pink, the truth is that they actually have no choice about it because they’ve been socialized into believing that they must like it.
What does Ann Oakley argue about sex and gender? (Sociologist)
(Gender) She argues that sex is separate from gender identity. Your ‘sex’ is what you were biologically assigned at birth, however gender is a social construct in which we label people under ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’ based on our sex. This then means that we are socialized a particular way to conform into the given label.
