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Hair Chemistry > Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move

A

abductor digiti minimi

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2
Q

foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes

A

abductor hallucis

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3
Q

muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand

A

abductors

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4
Q

muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body; draw the fingers together in the hand

A

adductors

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5
Q

process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy

A

anabolism

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6
Q

also called gross anatomy, is the study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the interconnected structures of organisms, or of their parts

A

anatomy

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7
Q

largest artery in the body

A

aorta

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8
Q

thick-walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles

A

arteries

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9
Q

small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

A

arterioles

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10
Q

part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart and breathing

A

autonomic nervous system (ans)

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11
Q

middle part of the muscle

A

belly

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12
Q

muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

A

bicep

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13
Q

fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

A

blood

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14
Q

tube like structures that circulate blood throughout the body including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

A

blood vessels

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15
Q

also known as systems; group of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions

A

body systems

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16
Q

one of the body’s most complex organs that controls all the body’s functions

A

brain

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17
Q

muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

A

buccinator

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18
Q

tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and carry away waste materials

A

capillaries

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19
Q

also known as the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small. irregular bones called carpals

A

carpus

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20
Q

process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; releases energy

A

catabolism

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21
Q

thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

basic units of all living things

A

cells

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23
Q

controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

A

central nervous system (cns)

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24
Q

seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck

A

cervical vertebrae

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25
Q

also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body’s steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels

A

circulatory system

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26
Q

also known as collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula

A

clavicle

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27
Q

main arteries o both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head, face, and neck

A

common carotid arteries

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28
Q

is fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs

A

connective tissue

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29
Q

small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

A

corrugator

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30
Q

oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain

A

cranium

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31
Q

watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food

A

cytoplasm

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32
Q

large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

A

deltoid

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33
Q

muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; also known as quadratus labii inferioris

A

depressor labii inferioris

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34
Q

body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire bocy

A

endocrine system

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35
Q

also known as ductless glands; include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

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36
Q

tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

A

epicranial aponeurosis

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37
Q

broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis; also called occipitofrontalis

A

epicranius

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38
Q

provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart, and the glands

A

epithelial tissue

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39
Q

separates nasal cavity from the brain

A

ethmoid bone

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40
Q

also known as duct glands; include the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts.

A

exocrine glands

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41
Q

muscle that bend the foot up and extends the toes

A

extensor digitorum longus

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42
Q

muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot

A

extensor hallucis longus

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43
Q

muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line

A

extensors

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44
Q

supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and the sides of the head

A

external carotid artery

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45
Q

located at the side of the neck, it carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck

A

external jugular vein

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46
Q

framework of the face; composed of 14 bones

A

facial skeleton

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47
Q

located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee

A

fibula

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48
Q

extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it

A

flexor

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49
Q

foot muscle that moves the little toe

A

flexor digiti minimi

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50
Q

foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing

A

flexor digitorum brevis

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51
Q

bone that forms the forehead

A

frontal bone

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52
Q

front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrow, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead

A

frontalis

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53
Q

muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down

A

gastrocnemius

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54
Q

produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body

A

glands

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55
Q

muscular, cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

A

heart

56
Q

chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body.

A

hormones

57
Q

uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

A

humerus

58
Q

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat

A

hyoid bone

59
Q

movable part of the muscle anchored to the bone; attached farthest from the skeleton

A

insertion

60
Q

body system consisting of skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, it serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature

A

integumentary system

61
Q

supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear

A

internal carotid artery

62
Q

located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

A

internal jugular vein

63
Q

connection between two or more bones

A

joint

64
Q

two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets (orbits)

A

lacrimal bones

65
Q

muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

A

levator anguli oris

66
Q

muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as when expressing distaste

A

levator labii superioris

67
Q

thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris

68
Q

clear or pale yellow fluid that contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels

A

lymph

69
Q

body system that helps defend against infection and includes lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels

A

lymphatic system

70
Q

glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels

A

lymph nodes

71
Q

largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw

A

mandible

72
Q

originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close

A

masseter

73
Q

medical term for chewing

A

mastication

74
Q

two bones that form the upper jaw

A

maxillae bones

75
Q

muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

A

mentalis

76
Q

chemical process by which cells convert nutrients to energy

A

metabolism

77
Q

five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges

A

metacarpus

78
Q

five long, slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand

A

metatarsals

79
Q

process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

80
Q

also known as efferent nerves; carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands; these transmitted impulses produce movement

A

motor nerves

81
Q

body system that covers and holds the skeletal system in place and moves various body parts

A

muscular system

82
Q

study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system

A

myology

83
Q

two bones that form the bridge of the nose

A

nasal bones

84
Q

whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impulses

A

nerves

85
Q

carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions

A

nerve tissue

86
Q

well organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other body systems.

A

nervous system

87
Q

study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

A

neurology

88
Q

specialized structure at the center of the cell; controls growth and reproduction of the cell and contains the cell’s genetic material

A

nucleus

89
Q

located below the parietal bones forming the back of the skull above the nape

A

occipital bone

90
Q

back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward

A

occipitalis

91
Q

muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand

A

opponens

92
Q

ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assists in pumping tears

A

orbicularis oculi

93
Q

muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

A

orbicularis oris

94
Q

groups of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions

A

organs

95
Q

part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest to the skeleton

A

origin

96
Q

the study of bones

A

osteology

97
Q

two bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

A

parietal bones

98
Q

also known as kneecap; forms the kneecap joint

A

patella

99
Q

system of nerves connecting the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system (pns)

100
Q

muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bends the foot down and out

A

peroneus brevis

101
Q

muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward

A

peroneus longus

102
Q

also known as digits; bones of the fingers or toes; there are twenty-eight in the fingers (three in each finger and two in each thumb); there are 14 in the toes (two in each big toe and three in each smaller toe)

A

phalanges

103
Q

the study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures

A

physiology

104
Q

broad muscle extending from the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip

A

platysma

105
Q

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

A

procerus

106
Q

muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward

A

pronator

107
Q

makes up a cell; contains nutrients, mineral salts, and water

A

protoplasm

108
Q

system that takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal then returns that blood to the heart (left atrium) so oxygen-rich blood can be delivered to the body

A

pulmonary circulation

109
Q

smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb

A

radius

110
Q

automatic reaction that involves sending an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord

A

reflex

111
Q

muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back, as when grinning

A

risorius

112
Q

also called the shoulder blade; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder; there are two scapulae

A

scapula

113
Q

also known as afferent nerves, they carry messages from the sense organs (heat, cold, sight sound, smell, taste) to the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory nerves

114
Q

forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape; connected by movable and immovable joints

A

skeletal system

115
Q

skeleton of the head; divided into two parts called the cranium and facial skeleton

A

skull

116
Q

muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down

A

soleus

117
Q

is the portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain and extends down to the bottom of the spine

A

spinal cord

118
Q

forms base and sides of the skull

A

sphenoid bone

119
Q

neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal bone near the ear

A

sternocleidomastoideus

120
Q

forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward

A

supinator

121
Q

system that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart throughout the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart; also known as general circulation

A

systemic circulation

122
Q

also called the ankle bone; located between the heel, tibia, and fibula

A

talus

123
Q

seven irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, calcaneus (heel), navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones

A

tarsals

124
Q

two bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

A

temporal bones

125
Q

located near the temple that opens and closes the jaw

A

temporalis

126
Q

also called the shinbone, it’s the larger of the two leg bones below the knee on the big toe side that supports most of the body’s weight

A

tibia

127
Q

muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward

A

tibialis anterior

128
Q

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

A

tissue

129
Q

muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head, raises the shoulders, and controls swinging movements of the arm

A

trapezius

130
Q

muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning

A

triangularis

131
Q

large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow.

A

tricep

132
Q

inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the sid4e of the little finger

A

ulna

133
Q

thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries and carry blood containing waste products to the heard and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen; contain cuplike valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backward

A

veins

134
Q

small veins that connect the capillaries to larger veins

A

venules

135
Q

also known as cheekbones or malar bones; they form the prominence of the cheeks and the outer part of the eye socket

A

zygomatic bones

136
Q

muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward when laughing or smility

A

zygomaticus major

Hair Chemistry (13 decks)

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