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Animal Biology > test two > Flashcards

test two Flashcards

1
Q

Carlos Linnaeus

A

Father of binomial nomenclature(taxonomy)

1707-1778*

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2
Q

Taxa

A

whose evolutionary relationships interest you*

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3
Q

Clades

A

Determine charaters and examine the character states(which taxon does and does not have charatcers)

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4
Q

polarity

A

whether each character stateis original or derived in each taxon

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5
Q

outgroups

A

to compare with the taxa you are considering helps you determine the polarity

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6
Q

Synapomorphies

A

shared or derived characters

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7
Q

plesiomorphies

A

original or primitive characteristics

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8
Q

Homoplasy

A

convergence

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9
Q

Monophyletic phylogeny

A

contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

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10
Q

paraphyletic group

A

contains the most recent common ancestors of all members and some but not all of its descendants: goal is to avoid:does not reflect real ancestry

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11
Q

polyphyletic

A

group does not contain the most recent common ancestor: goal is to avoid:does not reflect real ancestry

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12
Q

Phylum Porifera Characteristics

A
  1. Asymetrical
  2. four cell walls
  3. water circulations
  4. No tissues or organs
  5. most of the species are marine
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13
Q

Porifera cell types

A
  1. Pinacocytes
  2. Archeaocytes
  3. Choanocytes
  4. Mesohyl
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14
Q

Pinacocytes

A

these cells form the outer surface of the sponge and may form porocytes which regulate water circulation

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15
Q

Archeaocytes

A

these cells are amoebiod like cells that are specialized for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements(spicules) transporting and storing food, and forming contractile rings.

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16
Q

Collencytes

A

secrete fibrillar collagen

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17
Q

Phylum Porifera Characteristics

A
  1. Asymetrical
  2. four cell walls
  3. water circulations
  4. No tissues or organs
  5. most of the species are marine
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18
Q

Porifera cell types

A
  1. Pinacocytes
  2. Archeaocytes
  3. Choanocytes
  4. Mesohyl
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19
Q

Pinacocytes

A

these cells form the outer surface of the sponge and may form porocytes which regulate water circulation

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20
Q

monophyletic phylogeny

A

contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

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21
Q

monophyletic phylogeny

A

contains the most recent common ancestor of all memebers and some but not all of its descendants.

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22
Q

Choanocytes

A

flagellated cells that have a collar like ring

flagellum creates a water current to draw water with food from the outside the sponge

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23
Q

mesohyl

A

forms a gelatinous matrix in the sponge

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24
Q

Phylum Cnidaria characteristics

A
  1. Radial symmery
  2. Tissue-level organization
  3. Gastrovascular cavity(one way street no anus)
  4. Nervous system
  5. Specialized cells, called nematocyst, used in defense and feeding
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25
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

portugese man of war
Mostly marine, some freshwater
some have many polyps that are colonial

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26
Q

Nematocyst

A

mm

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27
Q

class Scyphozoa

A 
medusa prominent in life history
the polyp stage is small
tentacles hang below the bell
common name:jellyfish
GFP can be attached to any protein and fold into a florescent molecule.
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28
Q

glowing jellyfish

A

helped to see microscopic images

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29
Q

statocyste (the ball)

A 
tells jellyfish which way is up
has oceli(eyes with lens)
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30
Q

class staurozoa

A

no medusa phase
solitary polyp body is stalked and uses an adhesive disc to attach to seaweeds
polyps reproduce sexually
nonswimming planula develops directly into a new polyp

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31
Q

`Class cubozoa

A

medusa stage is prominent
tentacles hang from corners of the bell
common name:sea wasp

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32
Q

class anthrozoa

A

polyps are colonial or solitray

medusa stage is absent

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33
Q

Lesser members of the superphylum : Lophotrochozoa

A

grow by increasing in body mass
Ciliary locomotion
often with trochophore larva
major groups include Mollusca and Annelida

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34
Q

phylum Mollusca

A

True coelomate whose members have a
head-foot
visceral mass
mantle and mantle cavity
most classes have a radula(a tounge with teeth) and a calcareous chell
size: from almost microscopic to the 900 kg Achiteuthis

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35
Q

head foot

A

contains the mouth and certain nervous and sensory structures. used for attachment and locomotion

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36
Q

visceral mass

A

contains the organs of digestion, circulation, ,reproduction and excretion. attahced to the dorsal aspect of the head-foot.

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37
Q

mantle

A

enfolds most of the body and may secrete a shell

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38
Q

radula

A

rasping structure that consists of a chitinous belt and rows of posteriorly curved teeth.

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39
Q

odontophore

A

supports the radula

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40
Q

class caudofoveata

A

wormlike molluscks
with a cylindrical, shell-less body; scale like calcareous spincles
tentacles, statocysts, crystalline style, foot, nephridia and lack eyes
lives in deep water, marine burrows

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41
Q

class scaphopoda

A

the body is enclosed in a shell that is open at both ends
tentacles are used for deposit feeding
no head
marine habitat

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42
Q

Class Bivalvia

A 
body enclosed shell consisting of two valves, hinged dorsally
no head or radula
wegde-shaped foot
habitat: marine and freshwater
siphon brings both food and oxygen
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43
Q

class Gastropoda

A

shell usually colied
body symmetry distorted by torsion
some monoecious species(hermaphrodite)
lives in fresh, marine and terrestrial

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44
Q

Phylum Annelida: Class polychaeta

A 
metameric(segmented), elongated, and cylindrical or oval in cross-section.
Complete digestive tract
paired epidermal setae
with a ventral nerve cord
\:
over 5300 species
most are marine
head with eyes and tentacles
parapodia bear numerous setae
monoecious(hermaphrodite) and dioecious
with a trochophore larval stage
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45
Q

Phylum Anthropoda

A

Metamerism

tagmatization

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46
Q

Metamerism

A

the anthropos body is often composed of a series of similar segments, each bearing a pair of appendages.

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47
Q

Tagmatization

A

permits the specialization of regions of the body for specific functions

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48
Q

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

A

all marine
lived cambrian-permian
bodies divided into3 longitudinal grooves
antennae and biramous appendages

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49
Q

biramous appendages

A

trilobite appendages consists of two lobes

–>are walking legs( digging, swimming, or as gills)

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50
Q

biramous

A

two lobes or appendages or rami

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51
Q

subphylum chelicerata

A

the body is divided into a prosoma and opisthoma; first pair of appendages is pincerlike and used for feeding.

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52
Q

Common names

A

do not tell you relationships

names can be deceiving even if they are scientific

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53
Q

analogous structure

A

characters are not from a common ancestor. instead similar structures are caused by convergent evolution. (Ex: Sharks and dolphins, birds and bats)

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54
Q

homologous structure

A

characters from a common ancestor, used in cladistics.

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55
Q

polyphyletic phylogeny

A

group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

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56
Q

Phylum Ctenophora : Class Nuda ; Class Tentaculata

A 
Biradially symmetrical
Ellipsoid Shape
Has comb rows
\: No Tentacles
; Has Tentacles
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57
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Worms are acoelomate
bilateral invertbrates w/o appendages
some Cnidarian-like characters
show specialization and division of labor among organs

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58
Q

Class Turbellaria

A

flatworms:
free-living(only found in class Turbellaria) and parasitic forms
Marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments

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59
Q

Class cestoda

A

Live in: humans, dogs, cats, rabbits, and other mammals
immature stages develop in crustaceans and fish
length up to 20 m (infects humans)

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60
Q

Phylum Nemertea

A

Probiscus is a long muscular tube that can be thrust out swiftly to grasp prey.
size 20 cm - 60 m
active marine predators.

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61
Q

Phylum Sipuncula

A

live in rocky tide pools and have no segmentation or setae

resemble sea cucumbers w/ no tube feet

62
Q

Phylum Entoprocta

A 
Resemble hydroid Cnidarians but have ciliated tentacles that tend to roll inward
microscopic - 5 mm in length
Solitary or colonial and all are stalked
ciliary feeders
all except one are marine
found from poles to tropics
63
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda

A

uesd to be dominant

looks like a clam, but with no foot instead, two lophophore tentacles.

64
Q

Lingula

A

burrowing brachiopod

65
Q

Mollusca (class) Solenogastres

A 
has no shell
foot is pedal groove
no radula
is wormlike
poorly developed head
burrowing marine molluks
66
Q

Mollusks (class) polyplacophora

A 
Elongated and dorsoventrally flat
head reduced
shell has 8 dorsal plates
lives in marine tide pools
chitin shell
67
Q

Mollusca (class) Monoplacophora

A

a single arched shell(looks like a cone)
Foot broad and flat
lives in marine

68
Q

Mollusca Gastropoda : slit shell

A

primitive gastropods
the slits are for gills
Perotrochus gouyanus found 600 ft off Curacao Netherlands

69
Q

Mollusca Gastropoda Janthina

A

parasite of the portuguese man of war

70
Q

Cone snails

A

Venomous

71
Q

Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia

A

slug( gsatropods without shells
use nematocyst from anemones they eat to defend themselves
Rhinophores: chemical sensor

72
Q

Mollusca order Opisthobranch

A

the spotted sea hare

73
Q

Mollusca class Cephalopoda (subclass) Coleoidea

A

Foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon
Shell is reduced or absent
Head in line with the elongated visceral mass
all marine

74
Q

Mollusca Cephalopoda Hapalochlaena lunulata

A

Blue ringed octopus
major neurotoxin venom is identical to tetradotoxin
can kill humans
secreted by salivary glands in octo.

75
Q

giant octopus

A

Enteroctopus dofleini

76
Q

Mollusca Cephalopoda (subclass) Nautiloidea

A

cambrian-recent

77
Q

Annelida :Class polychaeta: Euncie viridis: Samoan palolo worm

A

Atoke: mainbody
epitoke: filled with gametes
both separate once a year to reproduce.

78
Q

Annelida :Class polychaeta: Tomopteris sp.

A

effective swimmer and spends whole life in open water.

79
Q

Annelida Oligocheata

A 
few setae
no parapodia that would interfere with burrowing or fossorial lifestyle
no distinct head
monoecious with direct development
primarily freshwater and terrestrial
80
Q

Annelida Oligochaeta Tubifex

A

Earthworm with 3000+ species

81
Q

Annelida Hirudinea— Leeches

A

3000+ species
body=34 segments: each divided into Annuli
anterior and posterior suckers
monoecious with direct development
parapodia absent, setae are reduced or absent
freshwater, marine and terrestrial

82
Q

Phylum Pogonophora::order Riftiida:Riftiidae

A

Riftia pachyptila

83
Q

Anomalocaris

A

links anthropods and worms

84
Q

Halkeria

A

links worms and brachiopods

85
Q

Lesser members of the superphylum: Ecdysozoa

A

Grow by molting
locomotion not by cilia
common set of homeobox

86
Q

Dermaptera

A

Earwigs

87
Q

Orthoptera

A

Grasshopper

88
Q

Order Stomatapoda Mantodea

A

Praying mantis

sees 16 colors of light(humans see 4)

89
Q

Phasmida

A

walking sticks

90
Q

Odenata

A

Damselfly

91
Q

Blattodea

A

Cockroach and Termites

92
Q

Ephemeroptera

A

Mayfly

93
Q

Zygentoma

A

Silverfish

94
Q

Old Order(in older literature) Isoptera

A

Termintes

95
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

larve similar to adults

96
Q

psocodea

A

parasitic lice

97
Q

Hemiptera

A

related to bed bugs: true Bugs or cicada

98
Q

Monarch Butterflys

A

…

99
Q

holometabolous

A

look completely different as a larve to adult

100
Q

Neuroptera

A

dobson fly, ant lion, stone fly

101
Q

Coleoptera

A

God loves beetles( 400,000 species)

102
Q

malpighian tubules

A

solutes especially K(potassium), are activly secreted into the upper tubules. Water and K acid urate follow.

103
Q

Hymenoptera

A

honeybee or bumble bee

104
Q

…

A

Ants

105
Q

Trichoptera

A

caddlisflies

106
Q

how do insects breath

A

spiracles, tracheae and taenidia(chitinous bands that stregthen the tracheae)

107
Q

Lepidoptera

A

butterlies

108
Q

Saturnides

A

moth

109
Q

Diptera

A

House fly

110
Q

Anopheles gambiae

A

mosquito (carry malaria)

111
Q

Siphonaptera

A

fleas carry the bubonic(black) plague(where the human population actually dipped

112
Q

powering an insect wing

A

a. wings
b. joints, contracting muscles
c. dorsoventral muscles
d. longitudinal muscles

113
Q

HExapoda Insecta

A

the insects

114
Q

Hexapoda Entognatha Collembola

A

Springtails

115
Q

Hexapoda Class Entognatha characters

A

base of mouth parts lies within head capsule; mandibles have one articulation

116
Q

Hexapoda Class insecta characters

A

base of mouth parts exposed and exiting head capsule; mandibles usually have two regions of articulation

117
Q

cleaner shrimp

A

ask

118
Q

sand/mole crab

A

body shape: tear drop
lives in surf zone on american beaches
burrows fast but not deep

119
Q

Order Decapoda

A

3 pairs of maxillipeds

5 pairs of walking legs: modified to form pinchers

120
Q

SP: Chelicerata

A

body divided: prosoma and opisthosoma

121
Q

Chelicerata Merostomata

A

Pterygotus anglicus:extinct

early devonian 2 meters long

122
Q

Chelicerata Merostomata Xiphosurida

A

horseshoe crab

123
Q

Blood of horse shoe crab

A

copper in its hemocyanin turns it blue

coagulates when it touches pathogens

124
Q

Chelicerata Araachnida

A

Spiders

125
Q

Chelicerata Acari

A

Ticks, mites

126
Q

Chelicerata opiliones

A

daddy long legs

127
Q

Scorpiones

A

Scorpions

128
Q

pseudoscorpions

A

no antenna

129
Q

Chelicerata Pycnogonida

A

sea spiders
benthic marine anthropods
carnivores with muscular pharynx to suck soft food into the gut. mouth at the end of the probiscus
digestion is intracellular and most feed on sponges

130
Q

Myriapoda Chilopoda

A

centipeds

131
Q

Anthropod Crustacea

A

most aquatic
head with two pari of antenna
one pair of mandibles and two pair of maxillae
biramous appendages

132
Q

xenocarida Ramipedia

A

paddle foot

133
Q

Xenocarida Cephalocarida

A

strange shrimp
true hermaphrodite
leaf like triramous appendages

134
Q

M. copepoda

A

maxillipeds modified for feeding
most numerous metazoans(multi-celled animals)
habitat fresh-hypersaline, to rivers lakes and oceans

135
Q

M. Cirripedia (barnacles)

A

immobile as adults, marine and usually enclosed in CaC valves

136
Q

Malacostraca Isopoda

A

appendages modified for crawling, feeding, or swimming

includes: lobster, crab, shrimp, and isopods

137
Q

Malacostraca Euphausuacea Krill

A

90 species
carapace fused with thoracic segs.
most are bioluminescent

138
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A 
Pentaradial symmetry as adults
calcareous endoskeleton covered by epithelium
water-vascular system
tube feet
deuterostomia
139
Q

3

A

24

140
Q

Class asteroidea infraclass Concentricycloidea

A 
Sea Daisies (1986)
disk shaped flat bodies>1cm diameter
deep waters off New Zealand and Bahamas
water-vascular system
tube-feet around the edge of the disk
no obvious arms or mouth
absorb nutrients through the membrane that surrounds their body
hydropore, instead of a madreporite, connects the inner ring canal to the aboral surface
141
Q

Fossil sea star

A

first found in Ordovician

142
Q

Class Ophiuroidea

A

arms sharply marked off from the central disk
no suction cups on tube feet
brittle stars
Bursae are fluid filled sacs where water circulates for respiration

143
Q

Pelagic

A

open ocean

144
Q

necton

A

swim

145
Q

Basket stars

A

hangs out with the cnidarian

146
Q

Joanna Aizenberg

A

discovered tiny lenses on the surface of a brittle star, Ophiocoam wendtii focus light about five micrometers below the surface

147
Q

The Chordates

A

belongs to deuterostomia: includes echinodermata and hemichordata

148
Q

Chordata, SP: Urochordata, Class:Ascidiacea: the sea squirts

A

Notachord
dorasl nerve hollow cord
pharyngeal slits
muscular post anal tail

149
Q

endostyle

A

shared derived character of the chordates
endostyle homologous with the thyroid gland of vertebrates: concentrate iodine( from seawater in primitive chordates and from blood in derived vertebrates

150
Q

Chordata SP Urochordata C thaliacea

A

the salps the orange gonad is visible in each individual

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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