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PHGY 209 > BLOOD I > Flashcards

BLOOD I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the blood?

A

Transport, acid-base balance, and protection (blood cells and blood proteins)

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2
Q

Name 5 transport roles that the blood plays.

A

Nutritive, respiratory (transport of gases), excretory, hormone transport, and temperature regulation.

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3
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.30-7.45

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4
Q

What is the difference between studying blood in vivo and in vitro?

A

In vivo means that it’s studied in the intact individual, while in vitro means that it’s studied in a test tube or petri dish.

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5
Q

What are the 3 major components of the blood? State their percentages.

A

Plasma (55%), buffy layer (<1%, WBCs and platelets), red blood cells (45%) (comprised both ECF/plasma and ICF)

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6
Q

What proportion of the body mass does blood make up?

A

7% - 8%

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7
Q

What is the approximate quantity of blood in the standard physiological reference individual? (70Kg)

A

5L - 5.5L

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8
Q

Having a normal blood volume is called […]

A

Normovolemia

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9
Q

Having a lower blood volume than normal is called […]

A

Hypovolemia

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10
Q

Having higher blood volume than normal is called […]

A

Hypervolemia

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11
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

It is the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells.

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12
Q

What is the normal hematocrit value?

A

Around 45%

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13
Q

calcul of hematocrit

A

height of RBC / Height of blood column

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14
Q

Knowing that blood has a volume of about 5 L and that normal hematocrit is 45%, what is the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells? By plasma?

A

2.25 L, 2.75 L

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15
Q

What are the 5 major components of plasma?

A

A
Water, ions, nutrients and wastes, respiratory gases, and proteins (colloids)

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16
Q

The plasma is […]% water

A

> 90

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17
Q

What are the major and minor ions in plasma?

A

Major: Na+ Cl-
Minor: K+, HCO3-, Ca++, Mg++, PO4–

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18
Q

What are the major nutrients found in the plasma?

A

Glucose, amino acids, lipids such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides.

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of wastes in the plasma.

A

urea, lactic acid

20
Q

What are the major respiratory gases found in the plasma?

A

O2, Co2

21
Q

What are the main 3 proteins found in the plasma? State their concentration.

A

albumin = 60%
Globulins = 35%
Fribinogen = 5%

22
Q

explain how plasma protein determine the distribution of fluid between the plasma and the interstitial fluid

A

because plasma proteins are non-diffusible, they exert an osmotic pressure that allow for the movement of fluid between the plasma and the ISF, which are otherwise identical in composition

23
Q

what is the major role of plasma proteins

A

they determine the distribution of fluid between the plasma and the interstitial fluid by controlling transcapillary dynamics

24
Q

explain how electrophoresis works

A

the proteins in plasma carry a negative charge. A drop of plasma is placed on filter paper soaked with a fluid of the same PH. A current is applied, and different proteins will migrate towards the anode at their own carachteristic rate. After a while, the different proteins will form bands that can be stained and identified

25
Q

after electrophoresis, you notice that the y globulin peak is higher than normal. What does this indicate. explain why

A

this indicates that the person has a bacterial infection, as the antibodies produces in response are part of the gamma globulin fraction

26
Q

name 4 ways of separating plasma proteins

A
  1. Differential precipitation by salts
  2. Sedimentation in ultracentrifuge
  3. Electrophoretic mobility
  4. Immunological characteristics
27
Q

what are the major nutrients found in the plasma

A

(glucose, amino acids, lipids (ex.: cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides)

28
Q

what is the collective concentration of the three major plasma proteins

A

proteins = 7g%

29
Q

The COP of plsma proteins is equal to …

A

25 mm Hg

30
Q

state the concentration with respect to the total % of colloids of the 3 major plasma proteins

A

albumin: 4 g/%
globulins: 2.7 g/%
fibrinogen: 0.3 g/%

31
Q

If the COP increases, water will flow from the … to the …

A

ISF into the plasma

32
Q

after electrophoresis, you notice that the albumin peak is shorter than normal. what does this indicate

A

this indicates renal disease. THi is because renal disease often increases the permeability of the kidney, allowing albumin, which is the smallest protein, to leave into the urine

33
Q

a diseased liver will resulted in .. production of plasma proteins

A

decreased (execpt for y globulin)

34
Q

after electrophoresis, you notice that there is no fibrinogen line visible. why is this

A

this is likely because electrophoresis was done with serum instead of plasma, and serum has fibrinogen removed because it causes clotting of the blood,making it harder to get a good result

35
Q

name in the order in which the major blood proteins appear after electhrophoresis

A

from the left to the right: albumin, a1 globulin, a2 globuline, b globuline, fibrinogen, y globuline

36
Q

where are plasma proteins produced

A

all in the liver
y globuline = lymphoid tissue

37
Q

the osmotic effect exerted by plasma proteins is called

A

colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure (COP)

38
Q

rate of migration in electrophoresis is influences by the … and the … of each protein

A

number and distribution of charges
molecular weight

39
Q

state the molecular weight of the 3 ajor plasma proteins

A

albumin = 69
globulin = 90-800
globulin = 350

40
Q

name major specimes that can be seen in electrophoresis

A

albumin, globulin a1, a2, b, y and fibrinogen

41
Q

decribe the shape of the 3 maor plasma proteins

A

albumin = oval shaped
globulin = heterogenous
fibrinogen = uniform, long fibers

42
Q

what method of plasma protein separtion is the most commonly used

A

electrophoresis

43
Q

what is the major difference in composition between plasma and intersitial fluid

A

plasma contains proteins, while ISF doesn’T

44
Q

body water compartments and major sub comportements

A
  • ICF = 40%
  • cell membrane - relatively impermeable to ions (relatively impermeable to ions)

ECF
- ISF (interstitial fluid) = 15% = 10.5L
- Capillary wall (freely permeable to H2O and ions
- plasma = 5% = 3.5L

45
Q

osmolarity of ISF, plasma, ECF

A

300 mosm.
6.7 atms
5100 mmgh

46
Q

what we need for a net flow of water between compartments

A

a difference in osmotic pressure

47
Q

which kind of solutes contribute to the effective o.p

A

non-diffuse solutes

PHGY 209 (6 decks)

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