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Musculoskeletal system > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What it the pubic area called ?

A

Perineum or pelvis

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2
Q

What is supination and pronation ?

A
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3
Q

Skull called ?

A

Cranium

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4
Q

Shoulder blades ?

A

Scapula

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5
Q

Collar bones ?

A

Clavicle

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6
Q

Radius is in line with your thumb

A
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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage ?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in your body. It lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones. Hyaline cartilage at the ends of your bones is sometimes referred to as articular cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage is slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints. It’s flexible but strong enough to help your joints hold their shape.

Hyaline cartilage locations in your body include:

At the ends of bones that form joints.
Between your ribs.
In your nasal passages.

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage ?

A

Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage is what its name sounds like: tough cartilage made of thick fibers. It’s the strongest and least flexible of the three types. It’s tough enough to hold parts of your body in place and absorb impacts.

Fibrocartilage locations in your body include:

The meniscus in your knee.
In disks between the vertebrae in your spine.
Supporting muscles, tendons and ligaments throughout your body.

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9
Q

Elastic cartilage ?

A

Elastic cartilage is your most flexible cartilage. It supports parts of your body that need to bend and move to function. Elastic cartilage can bounce back to its original shape, even after a strong force. Your ear is made of elastic cartilage. It can bend and move without hurting you before returning to its usual shape.

Elastic cartilage locations in your body include:

Your external ears (the parts of your ear that are outside your body).
Your Eustachian tubes (the tube that carries sounds from your external ear into your head).
Your larynx (your voice box).
Epiglottis - The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs

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10
Q

Ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone

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11
Q

Tendon ?

A

Muscle to bone

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12
Q

What is the lymphatic system ?

A

Returns fluid to blood.

Defends against pathogens

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13
Q

What is the urinary system ?

A

Controls water balance in the body.
Removes waste from blood and excretes them.

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14
Q

What is connective tissue ?

A

Connective tissue fills the spaces between organs and tissues, and provides them with structural and metabolic support. It is made up of cells embedded with fibres in an extracellular matrix of protein and polysaccharides that is secreted and organised by the cells. Variations in the composition of the extracellular matrix, determines the properties of the connective tissue. For example, if the matrix is calcified, it can form bone or teeth. Specialised forms of extracellular matrix also make up tendons, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye

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15
Q

What is the skeleton made up of ?

A

he skeleton consists of specialised forms of connective tissue – cartilage and bone – which enable its many functions including support, protection, movement, haematopoiesis and mineral storage.

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16
Q

What is cartilage ?

A

Cartilage is an avascular and aneural connective tissue that contains varying quantities of collagen and elastin fibres depending on type and function. Its smooth surface makes it ideal for articular surfaces in joints, and its rigidity enables it to support the patency of tubes in the body (e.g. trachea)

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17
Q

Give examples of 3 types of cartilage ?

A

Hyaline - Coats the ends of bones in synovial joints providing smooth, gliding surface. Also found along the airway.

Elastic - Supports soft tissues such as in the external ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage - Tough due to substantial amount of collagen and supports heavy weight-bearing areas including menisci, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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18
Q

Describe the knee joint ?

A

The femur at the top.

Tibia and fibula at the bottom.

Tibia is more inner and fibula is more outer.

There is hyaline cartilage between the two bones. This is sometimes called articular cartilage. The joint is sometimes called articular joint.

The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of tough, rubbery cartilage that acts as a shock absorber between the shinbone and the thighbone. It can be torn if you suddenly twist your knee while bearing weight on it.

The knee is a synovial joint.

The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body and is located anterior to knee joint.

A bursa is a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body

Quadriceps femoris:Your quad muscles, or quadriceps femoris, are a group of muscles at the front of your thigh. Together, they contain more mass than any other muscle group in your body. You use your quads to perform a variety of movements, including kicking, running, jumping and walking

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19
Q

Name the 4 basic tissue types ?

A

Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective

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20
Q

There are 3 main types of connective tissue ?

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Specialised connective tissue
  • Embryonic connective tissue
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21
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper ?

A

Loose
Dense

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22
Q

Describe loose connective tissue? (connective tissue proper)

Where is loose connective tissue proper found ?

A

Less cells and fibers. Collagen is the most predominant fiber with moderate amounts of elastin. Sparse arrangement.

More ground substance

Found under skin and around organs

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23
Q

Describe dense connective tissue? (Connective tissue proper)

A

More cells and fibers

Less ground substance

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue ?

A

Dense regular connective tissue:
Fibers are arranged in parallel for a unidirectional resistance to stress.
Typically found in tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue
Irregular pattern of collagen and elastin means it can sustain tension under many different directions. Forms a 3D meshwork.
Typically found surrounding organs and joints.

Dense elastic connective tissue
Elastic fibers which are tightly packed which allow for stretch and recoil
This is found in the aorta.

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25
Q

Give 4 examples of specialized connective tissue:

A

Adipose

Blood

Cartilage

Bone

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26
Q

Describe adipose tissue ?

A

Made up of adipocytes that are filled with lipid droplets

There is only a small amount of ECM and very few collagen fibers keeping the cells together.

White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue

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27
Q

Describe white adipose tissue ?

A

White adipose tissue: found in adults and is energy storing, protective ( cushions internal organs) and secretory. Distributed as parietal: Found embedded in the connective tissue proper, found primarily in the abdomen, thighs, hips and back.

Visceral : surrounds and supports the bodys organs

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28
Q

Describe brown adipose tissue ?

A

Brown adipose tissue: found in babies and is thermogenic ( heat production)

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29
Q

Describe blood ?

A

Made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.

Function: acts to transport gases, nutrients, waste and macromolecules.

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30
Q

Describe bone ?

A

Calcified ECM ( extracellular matrix) is responsible for its hard nature.

The cells are trapped within the calcifies bone matric

Osteon with concentric rings surrounding central canals.

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31
Q

Describe cartilage ?

A

Is avascular ( no blood vessels) as a result nutrients must diffuse across the ECM.

Chondrocytes are the cells found within cartilage ECM, they secrete small amounts of ECM to preserve structural integrity.

Chondrocytes produce cartiallage

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage ?

A

Hylaine cartilage
Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage.

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33
Q

Describe the ear?

A

Helix
Scapha
Triangular fossa
Antihelix
Concha

Earlobe ( Auricular lobe)
Ear canal ( External acoustic meatus)
Ear drum ( Tympanic membrane)

Middle ear:
Mallelus
Incus
Stapes
Typanic cavity
Semicircular canals

Inner ear:
Cochlea
Vestibular nerve
cochlear nerve

34
Q

Another name for spongy bone ?

A

Trabecular bone

35
Q

Another name for cortical bone ?

A

Compact

36
Q

What is the outside of the diaphysis covered with?

A

periosteum

37
Q

What is the name of the membrane around the medullar cavity?

A

Endosteum

38
Q

What is yellow bone marrow made up of?

A

Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

39
Q

Where is the epiphyseal plate found?

A

metaphyses

40
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate made of ?

A

Hyaline cartilage

41
Q

What is anther name for spongy bone ?

A

Cancellous / trabeculae

42
Q

What are the microstructures of the cortical bone?

A

Cortical bone is formed of concentric ring‐like structures, called osteons

Osteons, Haversian canals, Lamellae
Lacunae, Canaliculi, Volkmann’s canals

43
Q

What are the functional unit of the cortical bone called?

A

Osteon

44
Q

Where are the osteocytes (bone cells) found in the Osteon?

A

In the Lacunae ( which are small spaces within the osteon that house bone cells)

45
Q

What are the rings and lines on a osteon called?

A

Concentric rings: Lamellae
Lines ( canals radiating outwards ) : Canaliculi

46
Q

What do osteoblasts become when they get trapped in the bone matrix?

A

Osteoblasts become osteocytes when they get trapped in the bone matrix

47
Q

Describe Osteoblasts?
Where are osteoblasts found ?

A

Osteoblasts are found in the bone matrix (cancellous bone).

Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells that build bone. They come from immature precursor cells called osteoprogenitors.
Bone matrix is made up of organic and inorganic parts.

Osteoid is the part that makes organic stuff: Proteins, type 1 collagen fibres

Hydroxyapatite is the part that makes inorganic stuff: crystalized Ca, P ad H2O

Osteoblasts make osteoid and the enzymes necessary for mineralization.

Blasts = build

48
Q

Describe Osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated cells. they are derived from monocytes (immune cells). They break down bone. They resorb (break down) bone and create their own type of lacunae called Howships lacunae.

49
Q

What controls the remodeling of bone as it fluctuates between ossification and resorption?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Calcitonin

50
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) ?

A

Secreted by the parathyroid gland
Increases blood ca2+ by stimulating osteoclasts and depressing osteoblasts.

51
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D in bone ossification and resorption ?

A

Activated by PTH
It increases calcium resorption in the intestines

52
Q

What is the function of the calcitonin?

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland.
Calcitonin opposes pth and lowers blood calcium levels.
It decreases osteoclast activity and increases osteoblast activity.

Osteoblasts take calcium from the blood and into the bone
Osteoclasts get rid of calcium from bone.

53
Q

Describe endochondrail ossification?

A

Bones are created indirectly.
1. Hyaline cartilaginous matrix hardens into a cartilage model at the 8th week of development.
2.The cartilage model becomes calcified at its center.
3. The primary ossification center is established at the 12th week of development, when capillaries invade the calcified center.
3. Secondary ossification sites are created at the epiphyses.
3. Osteoclasts chew out the inside of the diaphysis creating the medullar cavity.

This type of ossification created long bones

54
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bones are created directly.
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid bone matrix.
Osteocytes in the hardened bone matrix create spongy bone.
The spongy bone gets wrapped in fibrous periosteum
Cortical bone grows between the periosteum and spongy bone.

This type of ossification creates flat bones.

55
Q

Describe the two layers of the periosteum ?

A

Outer fibrous layer - made up of collagen and reticular fibers. It had nerves and is vascular ( veins and arteries).
Inner cellular/ cambium layer - collagen and osteoprogenitor cells.

56
Q

What type of cells form cartilage ?
How is cartilage formed?
How does cartilage get nutrients?

A
  1. chondroblast
  2. The chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes where they become trapped by the matrix and they secrete in spaces called cartilaginous lacunae.
  3. Cartilage is avascular and not innervated so get nutrients and immune support from surrounding fluid through diffusion.
57
Q

What makes up the matrix of hyaline cartilage?
What is hyaline cartilages function
and where is it often found?

A
  1. collagen, elastin and chondroitin sulphate
  2. Supports and cushions joints at the end of long bones
  3. Found in the nose, trachea and between the ribs and sternum.
58
Q

what is the function of fibrous cartilage and where is it found?

A
  1. Provides rigidity and resists tension. It has the ability to absorb compressive shock.
    Its made by rows of chondrocytes with rows of thick alternating collagen fibers.
  2. Found in the intervertebral discs
    knee meniscus
    pubic symphysis
59
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A
  1. Contains mostly elastin
  2. Found in the ears and epiglottis
60
Q

Are joints innervated (nerves) and vascularised (vessels) ?

A

yes

61
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

synarthrosis (immovable) - found in skull
,amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) - found between vertebrae discs diarthrosis (freely moveable) - found in elbow joint

62
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

pivot (found between c1 and c3 vertebrae)
Hinge joint ( elbow)
Saddle joint ( between the trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone)
Plane joint ( between tarsal bones)
Condyloid joint ( between radius and carpal bones of wrist )
Ball and socket joint ( hip joint)

63
Q

What are the features of synovial joints?

A

Bones
Articular cartilage covering epiphyses
Ligaments
Fibrous joint capsule
Synovial fluid

64
Q

What is the outer layer of cartilage?

A

Perichondrium - it contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells.

Cartilage cells - chondrocytes
cartilage building cells - chondroblasts

65
Q

What are the three classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joint
  3. Synovial joint
66
Q

Neurovascular bundle ?

A

Arteries you can squash because they have a lumen and they are quite thick.

Nerves are quite hard but also white look like arteries.

Veins are often blue black in colour. A lot more thinner.

67
Q

Describe the different type of epithelia ?

A

Simple - one layer
Stratified - more than one layer
Squamous - flat
cuboidal - square shape
columnar - rectangular shape

Pseudostratified columnar - cuboidal shape but all cells touch the basement membrane.

68
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells ?

A

Found in the respiratory tract.

69
Q

What are lacunae ? ( bones)

A

Are small spaces within an osteon that house bone cells (osteocytes)

70
Q

Describe some fibrous connective tissue ?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Periosteum
Endosteum

71
Q

How do x rays work ?

A

How they work: As they pass through the body, the energy from X-rays is absorbed at different rates by different parts of the body. A detector on the other side of the body picks up the X-rays after they’ve passed through and turns them into an image.

72
Q

Which parts of an x ray will be lighter and which will be darker ?

A

Dense parts of your body that X-rays find it more difficult to pass through, such as bone, show up as clear white areas on the image. Softer parts that X-rays can pass through more easily, such as your heart and lungs, show up as darker areas.

73
Q

plain film radiography ?

Contrast radiography / fluoroscopy ?

A

Plain film radiography – is used to produce images of bones, lungs and teeth. In plain film radiography no contrast material is added.

Contrast radiography /fluoroscopy - Contrast radiography is a method of studying organs using X-rays and the administration of a special dye, called a contrast medium. This test allows the radiologist to evaluate structures that are not clearly evident on conventional X-ray exams. X-rays work by passing through the body. Because bones block the X-rays easily, they show up clearly. But organs and other tissue – such as blood vessels, the stomach, and the colon – do not block the X-rays so easily. The contrast medium highlights these specific areas in the body and helps them to be seen in greater detail on the X-ray image.

74
Q

What position are x rays often taken from ?

A

PA is more commonly used because there is less magnification of the heart and the x-ray of the heart is crisper. This is because the heart is closer to the x ray film.

Usually erect.

Normally a erect PA image is taken and a abdominal supine AP. You need at least 2 projections to determine anatomic placement.

75
Q

Describe fluoroscopy ?

Which contrasting agents are used in fluoroscopy ?

A

Is an imaging technique used to visualise internal organs in the body whilst they are in motion using x – rays.

Contrast agents such as barium or iodine are radio – opaque which allows radiologists to see vessels and GI tract more easily.

Radio – opaque – a substance opaque to x-rays, meaning it blocks the x-ray radiation and does not let it pass.

76
Q

What is an angiogram ?

A

Is a special type of x ray which uses contrast dye to allow your doctor to look at your coronary arteries (the blood vessels supplying the heart).

Contrast agents such as barium and iodine allow radiologists to see vessels and the GI tract more easily.

77
Q

Describe CT scans ?

A

CT imaging uses X-rays (i.e. ionising radiation)

Also known as computerized x- ray imaging

A CT scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body and uses computer processing to create cross sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body.

CT scan images provide more detail than plain x – ray imaging.

How it works:

X-rays project onto the detector

Numerical value sent to a computer based upon tissue radiodensity

Post-processing by the computer converts radiodensities into shades of grey (assigned a Hounsfield Unit, HU)

Digital imagery = structures can be seen in multiple planes

78
Q

What is an image created by a CT scan called ?

A
  • Tomogram
79
Q

Axial CT scans / tomograms ?

A
80
Q

What does a supine (on back) and prone (on their stomach) tomogram look like ?

A
81
Q

What is a MRI ?

A

MRI is a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body.

An MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube during the scan.

Diagram

Description automatically generated

An MRI scanner can be used to examine almost any part of the body including:

Brain and spinal chord / bones and joints / breasts / heart and blood vessels / internal organs such as the liver, womb or prostate gland.

Uses magnetic and radio wave energy rather than ionizing radiation.

MRIs also produce tomographic images

82
Q

What are the different types of MRI images?

A

MRI Imaging can be:

T1

T2

Fat Saturated Images

Vascular Contrast Images

Musculoskeletal system (29 decks)

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