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Microbiology and Parasitology (Lab) > Principles of Staining > Flashcards

Principles of Staining Flashcards

1
Q

Colors and contrast of microorganisms in their natural state?

A

Colorless and lacking of contrast

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2
Q

An auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.

A

Staining

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3
Q

Frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes.

A

Stains and dyes

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4
Q

The process of fixing the microorganism, or killing it, before attaching them to the slide

A

Fixation

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5
Q

Ways of fixation

A

Heat-fixing, air-drying, and chemical fixation

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6
Q

Procedure of Simple Staining

A

Smear microbes to slide -> air-dry -> drip methanol onto specimen to fix -> flood slide with stain -> rinse with water before blotting dry -> examine with x100 objective (OIO)

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7
Q

Type of staining that uses two or more dyes, as well as reacting differently with different microorganisms

A

Differential staining

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8
Q

Purpose of differential staining

A

To contrast two or more organisms which maybe of the same or different species

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9
Q

Who developed the Gram Stain

A

Hans Christian Gram

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10
Q

When was Gram Stain developed?

A

1884

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11
Q

(Gram Stain Reagent) Primary Stain

A

Crystal Violet

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12
Q

(Gram Stain Reagent) Mordant

A

Gram’s Iodine

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13
Q

(Gram Stain Reagent) Decolorizer

A

Alcohol

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14
Q

(Gram Stain Reagent) Counterstain

A

Safranin

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15
Q

Gram result that has a thick peptidoglycan

A

Gram +

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16
Q

Gram result wherein the outer membranes have lipids, polysaccharide

A

Gram -

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17
Q

Gram result that has 90% peptidoglycan

A

Gram +

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18
Q

Gram result that has no teichoic acids

A

Gram -

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19
Q

Gram result that has teichoic acids

A

Gram +

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20
Q

Gram result that has a thin peptidoglycan

A

Gram -

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21
Q

Gram result that does not have many polysaccharies

A

Gram +

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22
Q

Color of Gram + test?

A

Purple/violet

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23
Q

Color of Gram - test?

A

Pink/red

24
Q

Age of the culture the gram stain should be performed on?

A

18 to 24 hour culture

25
Q

Bacteria that cannot be seen in Gram staining

A

thick lipid layer containing mycolic acid (mycobacterium) oand atypical cell wall (mycoplasma)

26
Q

Who developed the Acid Fast Stain?

A

Franz Ziehl and Friedrich Neelsen

27
Q

To which does the acid fast stain binds strongly to?

A

To bacteria that have a WAXY material in their cell walls

28
Q

(Acid Fast Reagents) Primary Stain

A

Carbolfuchsin

29
Q

(Acid Fast Reagents) Mordant

A

Heat

30
Q

(Acid Fast Reagents) Decolorizer

A

Acid-alcohol

31
Q

(Acid Fast Reagents) Secondary Stain

A

Methylene blue

31
Q

Color of Acid Fast?

A

Pink/Red

31
Q

Color of Non Acid Fast

A

Blue/Purple

31
Q

Preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background

A

Negative staIning

32
Q

Another name for Negative staining

A

Indirect Staining

33
Q

Negative staining reagent

A

Nigrosine or India Pink

34
Q

Staining procedure used to color, isolate, identify, and study specific parts or structures of microorganisms

A

Special staining

35
Q

Types of Special Staining

A

Flagella Staining, Spore Staining, and Capsule Staining

36
Q

(Flagella Staining Results) Wet mount staining

A

Purple MO against lighter purple stain

37
Q

(Flagella Staining Results) Leifson’s staining

A

Blue MO against pink/red stain

38
Q

Flagellar arrangements with one flagella at one end

A

Monotrichous

39
Q

Flagellar arrangements with multiple flagella at one end

A

Lophotrichous

40
Q

Flagellar arrangements with one flagella at each end

A

Amphitrichous

41
Q

Flagellar arrangements with multiple flagella at each end

A

Petrichous

42
Q

Special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions

A

Endospore

43
Q

Another name for Endospore Staining?

A

Schaeffer-Futon Endospore stain

44
Q

(Endospore Staining Reagents) Primary Stain

A

Malachite green

45
Q

(Endospore Staining Reagents) Decolorizer

A

Acid-alcohol

46
Q

(Endospore Staining Reagents) Secondary Stain

A

Safranin

47
Q

What does Endospore Staining usually identify

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

48
Q

Color of Endospore in Endospore Staining?

A

Green

49
Q

Color of Vegetative cell in Endospore Staining?

A

Pink/red

50
Q

Staining technique that stains the bacteria and the background, leaving the capsule unstained

A

Capsule staining

51
Q

Another name for Capsule Staining

A

Welch Method

52
Q

(Capsule Staining Reagents) Primary Stain

A

Congo Red or Nigrosin

53
Q

(Capsule Staining Reagents) Mild decolorizer

A

Copper sulfate

54
Q

Examples of Capsule Staining bacteria

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Cryptococcus neoformans

Microbiology and Parasitology (Lab) (6 decks)

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