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Microbiology > Exam2Lec1TheHumanMicrobiome > Flashcards

Exam2Lec1TheHumanMicrobiome Flashcards

1
Q

There are more than ______ species and more than ____ individual bacteria in the gut microbiome.

A

1,000, 1 trillion

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2
Q

Where does the microbiome have the greatest diversity and numbers?

A

GI tract

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3
Q

Where is our microbiome?

A

nares, oral, skin, GU, GI

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4
Q

True or False: The bacteria in the GI tract can determine health of the body?

A

True

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5
Q

How many pounds of microbes do we have in the body?

A

2-3

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6
Q

Ones signature microbiome can ultimately affect what 4 main things?

A

weight, behavior, development, and health

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7
Q

What is the difference between microbiome and microbiota?

A

Microbiome is the ecological community that shares out body. Microbiota (microflora) is the microbes that make up the microbiome

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8
Q

What are some examples of microbiota?

A

Bacteria, bacteriophages, viruses, fungi

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9
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Alteration of the relative abundance of all or part of the microbiota

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10
Q

What is the main cause of dysbiosis and why is it a problem>

A

Antibiotics and its a problem because its not specific so it kills other good bacteria in the gut

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11
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Substances that induce the growth or activity of the bacteria in the microbiome (plant derived carbohydrates)

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12
Q

Prebiotics can be compared to which analogy?

A

food or fertilizer for beneficial microbes

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13
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Microorganisms that are believed to have health benefits when consumed (bacterial cultures)

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14
Q

Can supplements have both pre and pro biotics?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What does commensal mean?

A

microbes that are permanent residents of a given non-sterile body site (normal flora, microflora)

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16
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microbe that is capable of causing disease (ex: cholera)

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17
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

usually do not cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals but can cause disease i immunocompromised individuals (may be normal flora)

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18
Q

What is the immune system shaped by?

A

Early life exposures to microbial life

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19
Q

Direct contact of bacterial cells necessary for _____, _____, and _____ of the immune system

A

development, regulation, response

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20
Q

Bacteria produce ___ ___ that can affect levels of serotonin such as _____ and other transmitters

A

amino acids, tryptophan

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21
Q

Commensals contain ____ _____ enzymes that are not present in the human genome

A

polysaccharide digesting

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22
Q

Dietary polysaccharides are degraded in the ____ by bacteria

A

gut

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23
Q

Commensals inhibit ____ and ____ of pathogens

A

growth, penetration

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24
Q

Commensals make ____ that we cannot create, so bacteria creates it.

A

vitamins

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25
Q

What does it mean that commensals tolerize the immune system?

A

They keep it in a ready state

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26
Q

What are some diseases that the gut microbiome can contribute to?

A

obesity, autoimmune disease, allergy, asd, depression, anxiety, gi disease, heart disease, infection

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27
Q

What are 4 ways describes where the microbiome comes from?

A

Intrauterine exposure (placenta)
Birth canal (no exposure in C-section)
Orally by breast milk
Skin to skin contact
By age 2 you have > 3000 different taxonomic groups (bacteria)

28
Q

For every cell in your body, there are how many bacterial cells?

A

10-100

29
Q

Your microbiome consists of what 4 things?

A

bacteria, eukaryotic cells, endogenous viruses, and bacteriophage

30
Q

Is Clostridia a good or bad bacteria?

A

Good vs bad is not black and white, some are beneficial, but it can also cause tetanus, cdiff, bostrulism

31
Q

Is you microbiome intert?

A

No

32
Q

What are three ways that the microbiome can be disturbed?

A
  1. Infection with aggressive rapid growing pathogens (e. coli, salmonella, etc)
  2. Antibiotic treatment (common cause of dysbiosis)
    3.Diet changes
33
Q

Clostridium difficile (Cdiff) is what type of bacillus

A

anaerobic spore forming (its a survivalist and antibiotic resistant)

34
Q

How can cdiff be transmitted?

A

normal flora (5% of people)
fecal-oral through contaminated environment
hands of health care professionals (hospitals)

35
Q

What is the pathology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD)

A

pseudimembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, sepsis, and death

36
Q

What are three antibiotics that will promote cdiff?

A

clindamycin, penicillin, cephalosporin

37
Q

A patient was in the hospital 3 weeks ago and received antibiotic treatment. Why is this relevant?

A

This is relevant because the antibiotics killed off some normal flora, an overgrowth of c diff occurs, toxin is produced and caused diarrhea, and in some cases pseudomembranous colitis (dead tissue clog up of GI tract)

38
Q

Which one of the following is the most effective way to treat antibiotics associated colitis?
A. alternate antibiotics
B. fecal transplant
C. probiotics
D. rehydration
E. yogurt

A

B

39
Q

In lean bodies do you have good or bad bacteria and poor converters or efficient converters

A

Good bacteria and poor converters

40
Q

In obese bodies do you have good or bad bacteria and poor converters or efficient converters

A

Bad bacteria and efficient converters

41
Q

Gut microbiota is disturbed in obese people and can be transferred through

A

fecal transplants

42
Q

Which of the following microbes is likely to predominate in the microbiome from an obese person?
A.Yeast
B.Bacterium, good energy harvester
C. Pathogenic bacterium
D. Bacterium, poor energy harvester

A

B

43
Q

Human metabolism equal what plus what?

A

microbial+ human

44
Q

What should you know about SCFA (short chain fatty acids)?

A

They are bacterial products that message through the g protein structures, and does energy balance, and prevent inflammation if this does not happen, diseases occur

45
Q

What can “leak” out of the gut, in leaky gut syndrome

A

toxins, microbes, metabolites, medications, undigested food

46
Q

What is leaky gut syndrome?

A

Damage to intestinal wall mediated by diet infection and drugs results in escape of toxins, microbes and undigested food

47
Q

For leaky gut it is thought to be the cause of several diseases such as

A

diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, migraines, autism,

48
Q

In the research presented towards the end of this lecture it was found that by altering normal flora, mice exhibited altered

A

neurological behavior

49
Q

True or false autism patients often have GI symptoms

A

True

50
Q

Clinical improvements has been reported in ASD patients who

A

developed fever, given antibiotics, ingest probiotics

51
Q

The gut microbione, the gut, and the brains has ______ communication channels

A

bidirectional (reversible/2 way street)

52
Q

Autism spectrum disorders 2014 incidence is

A

1 in 68

53
Q

Regulation of the microbiota-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining

A

homeostasis, including that of the CNS

54
Q

Women who suffer from high prolonged fever during pregnancy are up to ______ times more likely to have a child with____

A

seven, autism

55
Q

____ to ____ percent of all children with autsim suffer from gastrointestinal sympotoms

A

40, 90

56
Q

There is study of _____ drug that reverses symptoms of GI related symptoms of people with autism

A

vancomycin

57
Q

The microbiome can be modulated by

A

antibiotics
diet
probiotics
Genetically modified probiotics, vaccines/gene therapeutics

58
Q

The hypothesis linking microbiome and autism includes:

A
  1. balance between inflammatory bacteria and anti-inflammatory bacteria is destabilized.
  2. Imbalance results in increased gut permeability (‘Leaky gut”
  3. Bacterial toxins and cytokines released into blood
  4. Brain inflammation
  5. Autism develops
59
Q

Commensals are essentially what?

A

good bacteria

60
Q

Clostridia is a potentially harmful or beneficial bacteria?

A

Harmful

61
Q

Lactobaccillus is potentially harmful or beneficial bacteria?

A

beneficial

62
Q

What are 7 functions of commensals?

A
  1. development, regulation, and response of IS
  2. inhibit growth and penetration pathogens
  3. Produce key metabolites
  4. Produce key vitamins
  5. Bacterial “metabolic rates” can affect weight
  6. Produce amino acids (tryptophan)
  7. contain polysaccharide-digesting enzymes
63
Q

The gut microbiome can be comprised of how many different species of microbes?
A. >1,000
B. >100,000
C. >1M
D. >1T

A

a

64
Q

Varying early-life exposures (to bacteria) from person-to-person leads to differing
microbiome composition amongst individuals. This is classified as what?
A. Eubiosis
B. Commensalism
C. Dysbiosis
D. Enterotype

A

d

65
Q

Which of the following best exemplifies a function of commensals within the gut
microbiome?
A. Degradation of dietary polysaccharides
B. Production of neurotransmitters
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above

A

c

66
Q

Normal microbiota are known to synthesize metabolites which can lead to energy balance
and reduced inflammation. Which of the following is an example of said substrate?
A. SCFA
B. Cytokines
C. BDNF
D. Gpr43

A

a

67
Q

Dysregulation of the microbiota-brain-gut axis can lead to which of the following
conditions?
A. Multiple Sclerosis
B. Autism
C. Diabetes
D. Lupus

A

b

Microbiology (18 decks)

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