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semester 1 > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Label the structures of the brain

A
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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in human body

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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3
Q

Label the structure of the spinal cord

A
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4
Q

What is the action of different nerves in CNS and PNS

A

Afferent(sensory)->interneurons->Efferent(motor)

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5
Q

What are the different types of glia in CNS

A

Astrocytes- Maintain external env.
Surround blood vessels
Oligodendrocytes- Form myelin sheaths
Microglia- Macrophages of CNS
Ependymal- produce CSF

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6
Q

What do the different parts of the Neurons do

A

Dendrite-recieves info
Initial segment(axon hillock)- triggers AP
Cell body- Contains nucleus
Axon- Sends AP
Axon(end of neuron)- releases neurotransmitter

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7
Q

What are the different Afferent, inter, and efferent neuron

A

Afferent- Bipolar, Pseudounipolar
Inter- Multipolar, Anaxonic
Efferent- multipolar

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8
Q

What are the different types of glia in PNS

A

Schwann- Form myelin sheath
Satellite- Support neuron cell bodies

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9
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of neurones

A

-70mV

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10
Q

What are the different types of membrane potentials

A

Action Potential- Transmit signals over large distances
Graded Potentials- Decide when AP fired
Resting membrane potential- keeps cells ready to respond

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11
Q

What helps to create a resting membrane potential

A

Leaky K+ channels

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12
Q

How does leaky K+ channels affect electrical gradient

A

K+ leak out of cell down c.g
Builds up electrical gradient
Electrical gradient equal and opposite to c.g

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13
Q

What are some properties of graded potentials

A
  1. Are graded- small/big stimulus=small/big response
  2. Decremental- become smaller as they travel across membrane
  3. Hyperpolarising/Depolarising properties
  4. Summate- two potentials can be added together
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14
Q

What are the different hyperpolarising postsynaptic potentials

A

Fast IPSP via ionotropic receptor
Slow IPSP via metabotropic receptor

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15
Q

What are the different depolarising postsynaptic potentials

A

Fast EPSP via ionotropic receptor
Slow EPSP via metabotropic receptor

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16
Q

What is synaptic integration

A

Summation of synaptic inputs to decide if cell reaches threshold to depolarise

17
Q

What do the stages of an action potential involve

A

Ligand binding causes Na+ to open- cell depolarises
Na+ channels close- K+ open- cell hyperpolarises
Na+ channels reset- cell depolarizes to resting potential

18
Q

What are the properties of Action potentials

A

Threshold
All cell depolarise or none
Self-propogating
Refractory period
Travel slowly
Encoded stimulus in firing frequency

19
Q

What mediated AP firing

A

Voltage gated channels

20
Q

What are two ways to speed up conduction velocity

A

Large Axons- Na+ channels spaced out
Myelination- Layers of myelin around axon
Causes: Increased membrane resistance-less current leaked out
Decreases capacitance-less current wasted up charging
AP spread node to node

21
Q

What are the different nerve fibre types

A
22
Q

What is in the structure of neuromuscular junction

A

Presynaptic terminal with vesicles (containing acetylcholine)
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic end plate

23
Q

What are the stages of the Neuromuscular junction

A
  1. Action potential in motor neuron
  2. Opens Ca2+ channels in presynaptic terminal
  3. Fusion of vesicles
  4. Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft
  5. ACh binds to ACh receptor(nicotinic)
  6. Opens ligand gated Na+/K+ channels
  7. Evokes end plate potential
  8. Depolarises membrane to threshold
  9. Opens Na+ channels
  10. Evokes AP
  11. Muscle contracts
  12. ACh cleaned by ACh-ase
24
Q

What are the key characteristics of Neuromuscular junction

A

Na/K+ channels evoke end plate potential
Large graded potential
No synaptic integration

25
Q

What prevents repeated firing once AP has been fired

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

26
Q

What is the difference between mono and polysynaptic reflex

A

Mono synaptic doesnt involve interneurones
Polysynaptic involves interneurones

27
Q

Describe the consequences of demyelinating diseases

A

Attack myelin sheath
Decreased membrane resistance
Increased membrane capacitance
Failed conduction
MS in the CNS and Guillain-Barré syndrome in PNS

semester 1 (65 decks)

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