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7. kafli - Psychoanalysis Flashcards
When was Sigmund Freud born?
1856 (died in 1939 in London)
Who were Freuds major influences?
ideas of Darwin, Franz Brentano, Ernst Brucke, Josef Breuer. Jean-Martin Charcot.
Josef Breuer
Jean-Martin Charcot
Who was Anna O?
Bertha Pappenheim.
What was the catharsis method?
Henri Ellenberger
What were the three interdependent achievements by Freud in psychoanalysis according to historian Frank Sulloway?
he created
1. a method
2. a theory of the neuroses
3. a theory of the normal mind.
Psychoanalysis is a theory of the normal mind. Describe.
Es - Það - Id
Ich - Sjálfið - Ego
Uberich - Yfirsjálf - Superego
What is the Id / Það / Es? Describe how it works.
What is Ego? Describe how it works?
What is Superego? Describe how it works?
Explain the interaction between id, ego and superego.
Anxiety
Who are the Neo-Freudians?
Alfred Adler (1870-1937), Carl Gustav Jung (1875 - 1961) and Karen Horney (1885 - 1952)
What was Adlers theory?
Adler did not see libido, the Id’s energy force, as principally sexual. For Adler, sexual pleasure was only one of the goals, he saw libido a a general life force. He presented the ideas in 1911 and Freud opposed. He developed a school of psycoanalysis called individual psychoanalysis. The empasis was on social, not biological, motives as the primary determinants of behaviour etc. (p. 117)
What was Jungs main theory?
What was Karen Horneys main theory?
Describe psychoanalysis as a method?
free association
transference
dream analysis
Describe the theory of repression.
Explain transference.
Who travelled with Freud to the united states in 1909?
Carl Gustav Jung and Sandor Ferenczi
- According to Freud, in what way was a “neurosis” like an abscess?
- What is repression?
- Freud’s theory of the human mind included three components, which in English are referred to as id, ego, and super-ego. What are the characteristics of each component?
- Why did Freud use techniques such as free association, hypnosis, and dream analysis?
- How did Freud think that conflicts at various developmental stages led to neuroses?
- In what way was Adler’s view of the id different from Freud’s initial theory?
- According to Adler, what role did early childhood experiences play in developing an individual’s “style of life”?
- Jung decided that the unconscious mind was split into two parts: personal and collective. What characteristics did he think each possessed?
- What argument did Horney use to suggest that “penis envy” was a misguided idea?
- What effects did Horney claim that “womb envy” had on men’s behavior?
Life
Freud’s Early Training -
Encounters
Medical School at his 17 @ University of Wien
Took course “General Biology and Darwinism”
Several courses from Franz Brentano
Worked with Ernst Brücke - the most famous
physiologist on his day
convinced Freud not to pursue academic
career - instead to work in clinical practice as
neurologist
Met Josef Breuer - a physician & physiologist
in Brücke’s Lab
the Case of Anna O. (Psychology’s Rosetta
Stone)
after the death of her father - she
experienced problems
headaches
partial paralyses
periods of overexciment
visual disturbances
loss of sensation
multiple personalities
speech difficulties
bizarre hallucinations
inability to drink
using hypnosis Breuer attempted to reach the
causes of each symptoms
when they were discovered, they resolved with
psychotheraphy
catharsis method
because symptoms are the result of
supression of emotions and if they are
released -symptoms should disappear
1882 he wrote that he had cured Anna O.
in his handwritings - the symptoms relapsed
and he had placed Anna in a sanatorium in
Switzerland for further cure
Did he complete his treatment? Or he closed
the case?
Freud and Breuer wrote a book together
It was Freud’s the first book - about Anna O.
Anna O. interpretation was the opening point
in the first lecture @ Clark University
Breuer had an important role in the origins of
psychoanalysis
development of it was largely based on the
work of Freud
Received scholarship to study with the
neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot at Paris
Charcot - peak of his fame for hypnosis & his
treatment hysteria
Freud influenced by his lectures and public
talks
Psychoanalysis as a Theory of
the Normal Mind
Mind model Tripartite construction of the mind
Id
Present at birth and contains everything is
inherited - incl instincts
life instincts sex
death instincts aggression
the most primitive part of the mind
the most inaccessible part
operates wholly at an unconscious level individual has no direct access to it
has no morality - does not know right/wrong
only knows what it wants and provides the
motivation to reach them immediately
seeks pleasure and avoid pain pleasure-seeking energy = libido (sexually
based energy)
Ego
purpose: to help id to satisfy its demands
id operates according to -> pleasure principle
ego operates according to -> reality principle
avoids dealing with moderate stimuli
it is the mediator between the id and the
external world
self-preservation
storing up experiences
avoiding excessive stimuli
dealing with moderate stimuli
learning to bring about appropriate
modifications in the external world
might suppress certain actions or might just
delay them until circumstances are more
appropriate
whereas the id exist at birth and the ego
develops shortly thereafter
Superego
represents individual’s moral compass
develops in childhood through socializations
with
parents
culture
unlike ego, act in direct opposition to the id
across individuals, the id would be viewed as a
common component of mind, ego and superego
differ across individually (because of
socialization differences)
Psychoanalysis as a Theory of
the Neuroses
Etiology of neuroses theory
Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms
the pressure to ego can be enormous
high demands overwhelm the ego - anxiety
develops
concerns about the id demands neurotic anxiety
concerns about the superego demands moral anxiety
threats from external world objective anxiety
defence mechasims
ego develops them to deal with these anxieties
operate at unconscious level
types
repression
rationalization
projection
they are base to reduce anxiety but
sometimes contribute to psy. problems (
neuroses)
repression of anx can create problem,
because of psychic energy needed to keep anx
repressed
personality disorders and neurotic conditions
existed
because of failure of the three components of
the mind to work effectively together
Childhood Sexuality
sexual desires
existed in infancy and throughout the stages
of child development
cause of hysteria early childhood sexual trauma - rape
controversy
in the medical establishments and the society
made recognition of child molestation
seduction theory
children were seduced by adults into sexual
encounters
1897 - Freud changed his opinion - these
recalled memories were not actual events
they were fantasies!
with reversal of the seduction theory - Freud’s
child development view was changed
development of personality in childhood -
psychosexual stages (each stages involved
sexual issues to be deal with appropriately)
Oral pleasure - sucking
Anal
starts with 2nd year of life
pleasure - expulsion of feces
Phallic
begins around 4
derived from the genitals and masturbation
may begin in this stage
described a major sexual conflict in this stage Oedipal complex
child has sexual desires for the opposite sex
parent
names come from Oedipus
tragic figure in a fifth century play by
Sophocles, who as king, kills his father and
marries his mother
failure to resolve this complex would lead to
serious neuroses
successful resolution responsible for the
development of the superego
Latency
6 years to puberty
most sexual impulses are repressed during
this stage
sexual energy can be sublimated towards
school work, hobbies, and friendships
Genital
puberty to adult
time of adolescent sexual experimentation
the successful resolution of which is settling
down in a loving one-to-one relationship with
another person in our 20’s
Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual
pleasure, rather than self-pleasure like during
the phallic stage.
Psychoanalysis as Method
method for research
not for experimental research but for use in
exploring the mind
Freud used number of techniques
the information he needed to discover lay deep
in the unconsious - protected by unconscious
defence mechs. and conscious resistance
how would he get an information
free association
asked his patients to say whatever came to
mind
the job of therapist: listen to what was being
said and what wasn’t being said
dream analysis
he discovered when we psychoanalyzed himself
would asked the patient to recall the dream in
as much detail as possible
would ask Qs - to probe the recall
differentiated
manifest content as actuaşşy recalled
latent content
hidden info of the dream
real meaning of the dream
The Interpretation of Dreams was published -
1900
dreams are the royal roads to the
unconsciousness
Repression is special for Freud
The theory of repression is the main pilar
in the therapeutic situation, the patient’s
repression is aided by two key processes
resistance
occurred when a patient refused to reveal -
because information is too traumatic or too
embarrassing
transference
occurred in therapy when the patient
transferred feelings from original object (e.g.,
from husband, wife, or mom to therapist)
love
sexual desire
hate
anger
envy
Positive transference
love represents a positive tr.
an aid in therapy
in transferring positive feeling about a father
to the therapist
the patient is endowing the therapist with
considerable power
would work harder to please the therapist
would be more likely to follow the therapist
counsel
Negative transference
hate or anger represent a negative tr.
could be destructive
required great skill from the therapist to
convince the patient to minimize negative
impacts of it
Psychoanalysis in America
Conference for the celebration of 20th
anniversary of Clark Univ.
Wundt declined the Hall’s invitation - 20th
anniversary was so funny for him
he was busy on those dates, speaking at the
anniversary celebration of his own university
500th anniversary of the Univ. of Leipzig (
founded in 1409!)
Freud was excited about this invitation
in 1909 at age 53, it was important recognition
for his work
He would also be receiving an honorary
doctoral degree from Clark Univ.
would give 5 lectures - the star of the show-
on psychoanalysis
sailed from Germany with two colleagues
Carl Jung gave 3 lectures
Sandor Ferenczi
Freud and Jung would stay Hall’s home
Freud was anxious abt America trip
“I also think that once [the Americans]
discover the sexual core of our psychological
theories they will drop us.” S.F
when psychoanalysis first arrived in the USA,
the most psychologists ignored it
1920s - psychoanalysis had so captured the
public interest - threatened experimental psy
the first appearance on the cover of Time
magazine in Oct. 1924
American psychologists were shocked There was a theory of mind that postulated
important process in mental functioning were
wholly unobservable
could only be discovered interpretation of
dream content
psy was not about the study consciousness
but about unconsciousness!
Psychoanalysis impact
on the practice of psychology -particularly - in
clinical
some assessment tools used by practitioners Projective tests
Rorschach Inkblot Test
the Thematic Apperception Test
on American culture as expressed in art,
literature, drama, films, and the language of
everyday life
Freud’s ideas were challenged in academia
many of his ideas discarded
many of them unable to be put scientific test
anecdotal evidence - not empirical evidence
criticized for building a theory that couldn’t
be falsified
The Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology
Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Karen Horney: A Feminist View of
Psychoanalysis
earned medical degree from Univ. of Wien
after reading the Interpretation of Dreams
decided to pursue his carrier on psychiatry
join Freud’s small discussion group - at his
home
The first split between Freud and Adler
1911 - elected as the president of the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society
libido id’s energy force but it is not principally
sexual
sexual pleasure was only one of the goals presented these ideas and made Freud furious
He left the society with 35 other members (or
anathematized?)
developed Individual Psychology
emphasizes:
social not biological motives as the primary
determinant of behaviors
life style (uniqueness of individuals)
individuals
sought superiority (think about his childhood)
sought to gain mastery over their environment
strived for perfection
these strivings were part of a goal of seeking a
significant life
life was more directed to strivings for the
future than being under control of past events
a collection of qualities
responsible for self-consistency in attitudes
and behaviors
principal component of personality -developed
in childhood
operates at an unconscious level
combination of a number of behavioral and
personality variables
embodied in
social interest
activity level
particularly important -it was the motivation
to contribute positively to the larger human
community
typology
the getting individual
the ruling individual
the socially useful individual
taking but never giving anything back
high activity but low little or no social interest
high activity and high in social interest
popular topics he introduced
inferiority complex
power motivation
birth order
the difficulties between Freud and Jung had
begun before their trip to USA
born in Basel and earned his medical degree
from Univ. of Basel
Analytical Psychology published his book Psychology of Unconscious divided unconsciousness into two
personal unconscious
collective unconscious
repressed wishes, experiences, and motives
racial ancestral memory
includes archetypes
inherited behavioral tendencies of a mystical
nature
the self is the most important archetype
the self served to integrate both conscious
and unconscious personality components
the self development = process of
individuation in which the person cate to
accept her or his archetypes into a unity of
personality
libido
like Adler: saw libido as generalized life energy
and not just concerned with sexual pleasures
libido could be directed outward toward
objects or other persons OR inward, toward
self
this distinction creates concepts of
extranersion vs intraversion
made the word association tech. popular
Criticized Freud
his view of women at psychoanalytic congress
in Berlin
the first attack on Freud’s derogatory views
on women
Freud:
castration complex originates in girls when
they realizxe they do not have penis
women assume that they used to have a penis
but it has been cut off.
penis envy results in envy of males
Horney:
the envy resided instead in males, in the form
of womb envy
unconsciously men felt inferior and they kept
such sexual barriers in place
males could maintain their illusory feelings of
superiority over women
this unconscious inferiority resulted from
womb envy
never studied with Freud
moving to USA - due to the increased racism in
1932 wrote 5 books in the USA
emphasized the social factors in life as the
principle demands
